I-ASTM: I-American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: I-American Petroleum Institute 
I-ASTM:I-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) yayiyi-International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). Ngawo-1880, ukuze kuxazululwe imibono kanye nomehluko phakathi kwabathengi nabaphakeli enkambisweni yokuthenga nokuthengisa izinto zezimboni, abanye abantu baphakamisa ukusungula uhlelo lwekomidi lobuchwepheshe, futhi ikomidi lobuchwepheshe lahlela abameleli bazo zonke izici ukuba bahlanganyele emihlanganweni yobuchwepheshe ukuze baxoxe futhi baxazulule imininingwane efanele yezinto ezibonakalayo. , izinqubo zokuhlola kanye nezinye izinkinga eziphikisanayo. Umhlangano wokuqala we-IATM wabanjelwa eYurophu ngo-1882, lapho kwakhiwa khona ikomidi elisebenzayo.
I-ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) yasungulwa ngo-1880. Namuhla isibe yinhlangano yezemfundo nezobuchwepheshe engenzi nzuzo yomhlaba wonke enamalungu angaphezu kuka-125,000 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokukhula kwemikhakha eyahlukene yensimu yobunjiniyela, izincwadi ze-ASME zinikeza nolwazi ngobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kuzo zonke izifundo. Izifundo ezihlanganisiwe zifaka: ubunjiniyela obuyisisekelo, ukukhiqiza, ukuklama uhlelo, njll.
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi amaningi namaqembu ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe e-United States ayeseqalile umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukhona ukungqubuzana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwawo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, amakhulu emiphakathi yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano namaqembu wonke akholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula inhlangano ekhethekile yokulinganisa nokwakha amazinga ajwayelekile ahlangene.
I-API: I-API yisifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. Yasungulwa ngo-1919, i-API iyinhlangano yokuqala yebhizinisi kazwelonke e-United States futhi ingenye yezindawo zokuqala neziphumelelayo kakhulu zokubeka amazinga okuhweba emhlabeni.
Imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene i-ASTM ihileleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezindinganiso zezimpawu kanye nokusebenza kwezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo, izinhlelo kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi oluhlobene. Izindinganiso ze-ASTM zakhiwa ngamakomidi obuchwepheshe futhi zabhalwa amaqembu asebenzayo ajwayelekile. Nakuba izindinganiso ze-ASTM ziyizindinganiso ezakhiwe amaqembu ezemfundo angekho emthethweni. Njengamanje, izindinganiso ze-ASTM zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezingu-15 (Izigaba) futhi zinyatheliswa ngamavolumu (Umqulu). Ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kanye namavolumu kungokulandelayo: Ukuhlukaniswa:
(1) Imikhiqizo yensimbi
(2) Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous
(3) Izindlela zokuhlola kanye nezinqubo zokuhlaziya izinto zensimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amafutha okugcoba kanye namafutha amaminerali
(6) Upende, izembozo ezihlobene kanye nezinto ezinuka kamnandi
(7) Izindwangu nezinto zokwakha
(8) ipulasitiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Izivikeli zikagesi kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi
(11) Ubuchwepheshe Bamanzi Nezemvelo
(12) Amandla enuzi, amandla elanga
(13) Imishini yezokwelapha kanye nezinsizakalo
(14) Izindlela zokusebenzisa izinsimbi kanye nokuhlola okujwayelekile
(15) Imikhiqizo yezimboni ejwayelekile, amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute iyiqembu elingenzi nzuzo elingeyona eyohulumeni elilinganisa amazinga. Kodwa empeleni seliyisikhungo sikazwelonke sokulinganisa amazinga;
I-ANSI ngokwayo ayithuthukisi amazinga. Ukulungiswa kwendinganiso yayo ye-ANSI kusebenzisa kakhulu izindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
1. Amayunithi afanele anesibopho sokubhala phansi, amema ochwepheshe noma amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuthi avote, futhi athumele imiphumela emhlanganweni wokubuyekeza ojwayelekile osungulwe yi-ANSI ukuze ubuyekezwe futhi uvunywe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvota.
2. Abameleli bamakomidi ezobuchwepheshe e-ANSI namakomidi ahlelwe ezinye izinhlangano babhala imidwebo ejwayelekile, bavotelwe yiwo wonke amalungu ekomidi, futhi ekugcineni babukezwe futhi bavunyelwe yikomidi elijwayelekile lokubuyekeza. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yekomidi.
3. Kusukela ezindinganisweni ezakhiwe yizinhlangano ezahlukene zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano, lezo ezivuthiwe futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni zikhushulelwa ezindinganisweni zikazwelonke (i-ANSI) ngemva kokubuyekezwa yikomidi lobuchwepheshe le-ANSI futhi ziqanjwe ngokuthi amakhodi ajwayelekile e-ANSI kanye nenombolo yokuhlukaniswa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zigcina ikhodi yokuqala yobungcweti ejwayelekile.
Iningi lezindinganiso ze-American National Standards Institute zivela ezindinganisweni zobungcweti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano ezahlukene zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano zingakha nezindinganiso ezithile zomkhiqizo ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zezwe ezikhona. Vele, ungakha nezindinganiso zakho zenhlangano hhayi ngokwezindinganiso zezwe. Izindinganiso ze-ANSI zingezokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso eziphoqelekile zingase zinciphise izinzuzo zokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, izindinganiso ezishiwo yimithetho futhi eziklanywe yiminyango kahulumeni ngokuvamile ziyizindinganiso eziphoqelekile.
I-ASME: Ihileleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwezobunjiniyela bemishini kanye nezinsimu ezihlobene, ikhuthaza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, ikhuthaza ukushintshana kwezemfundo, ithuthukisa ukubambisana nezinye izinhlangano zobunjiniyela, yenza imisebenzi yokulinganisa, futhi yakhe imininingwane nezindinganiso zemishini. Kusukela yasungulwa, i-ASME ihole ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zemishini, futhi ithuthukise amazinga angaphezu kuka-600 kusukela kumazinga okuqala entambo kuze kube manje. Ngo-1911, kwasungulwa iKomidi Lokuqondisa Imishini Yebhoyila, futhi i-Machinery Directive yamenyezelwa kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1915. Kamuva, lesi siqondiso sahlanganiswa nemithetho yezifundazwe ezahlukahlukene kanye neCanada. I-ASME isibe yisikhungo sobunjiniyela somhlaba wonke ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yobuchwepheshe, imfundo kanye nocwaningo.
I-API: Yinhlangano yokubeka ejwayelekile eqashelwa yi-ANSI. Ukubeka kwayo okujwayelekile kulandela iziqondiso zenqubo yokuxhumanisa nokuthuthukisa ye-ANSI. I-API iphinde ithuthukise futhi ishicilele amazinga nge-ASTM. Izindinganiso ze-API zisetshenziswa kabanzi, hhayi nje kuphela ezamukelwa amabhizinisi eShayina, kodwa futhi nemithetho kahulumeni kanye neyesifundazwe e-United States. Imithethonqubo kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphathwa Kwezokuphepha Nokusebenza Kwezempilo, i-US Customs, i-Environmental Protection Agency, i-US Geological Survey, njll., futhi zisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke yi-ISO, i-International Organisation for Legal Metrology kanye nezindinganiso zikazwelonke ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezicashunwe. I-API: Izindinganiso zisetshenziswa kabanzi, hhayi nje ezamukelwa amabhizinisi eShayina, kodwa futhi zicashunwe yimithetho kanye nezimiso zikahulumeni kanye nezesifundazwe zase-US, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphathwa Kwezokuphepha Nokusebenza Kwezempilo, i-US Customs, i-Environmental Protection Agency, kanye ne-US Geological Survey. Futhi icashunwe yi-ISO, i-International Organisation of Legal Metrology kanye nezindinganiso zikazwelonke ezingaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
Umehluko kanye noxhumano:Lezi zindinganiso ezine ziyahambisana futhi zifundana. Isibonelo, izindinganiso ezamukelwe yi-ASME ngokwezinto zokwakha zonke zivela ku-ASTM, izindinganiso ezikuma-valve ikakhulukazi zibhekisela ku-API, kanti izindinganiso zokufakwa kwamapayipi zivela ku-ANSI. Umehluko usekugxilweni okuhlukile komkhakha, ngakho-ke izindinganiso ezamukelwe zihlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, ne-ASME zonke zingamalungu e-ANSI. Iningi lezindinganiso ze-American National Standards Institute zivela ezindinganisweni zobungcweti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano ezahlukene zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano zingakha nezindinganiso ezithile zomkhiqizo ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zezwe ezikhona. Vele, ungakha nezindinganiso zakho zokubambisana hhayi ngokwezindinganiso zezwe. I-ASME ayenzi umsebenzi othize, futhi cishe zonke izivivinyo kanye nomsebenzi wokwakha uqedwa yi-ANSI ne-ASTM. I-ASME iqaphela kuphela imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwayo, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonakala ukuthi izinombolo ezijwayelekile eziphindaphindwayo empeleni ziwukuqukethwe okufanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-27-2023