Insimbi engagqwali (Insimbi Engagqwali)isifinyezo sensimbi engagqwali engamelana ne-asidi, kanti amazinga ensimbi amelana nezinto ezibuthakathaka ezibolayo njengomoya, umusi, amanzi, noma ezinezakhiwo ezingagqwali abizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali.
Igama "insimbi engagqwali"akubhekiseli nje ohlotsheni olulodwa lwensimbi engagqwali, kodwa kubhekisele ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kwekhulu zensimbi engagqwali yezimboni, ngayinye enomsebenzi omuhle emkhakheni wayo wokusetshenziswa othize.
Zonke ziqukethe i-chromium engu-17 kuya ku-22%, kanti amazinga ensimbi angcono aqukethe ne-nickel. Ukwengeza i-molybdenum kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukugqwala komoya, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni eziqukethe i-chloride.
一. Ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi engagqwali
1. Iyini insimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi engamelani ne-asidi?
Impendulo: Insimbi engagqwali isifinyezo sensimbi engagqwali engagqwali engagqwali, engamelana nezinto ezibuthakathaka ezigqwali njengomoya, umusi, amanzi, noma enensimbi engagqwali. Amabanga ensimbi agqwali abizwa ngokuthi izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingagqwali.
Ngenxa yomehluko ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kwalokhu okubili, ukumelana kwabo nokugqwala kuhlukile. Insimbi engagqwali evamile ngokuvamile ayimelani nokugqwala okuphakathi kwamakhemikhali, kuyilapho insimbi engamelani ne-asidi ngokuvamile ingenasici.
2. Ungahlukanisa kanjani insimbi engagqwali?
Impendulo: Ngokusho kwesimo senhlangano, ingahlukaniswa ngensimbi ye-martensitic, insimbi ye-ferritic, insimbi ye-austenitic, insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic-ferritic (duplex) kanye nensimbi engagqwali eqinisa imvula.
(1) Insimbi ye-Martensitic: amandla aphezulu, kodwa i-plasticity embi kanye nokushibilika.
Amazinga avame ukusetshenziswa ensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic yi-1Cr13, 3Cr13, njll., ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni, inamandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, kodwa ukumelana nokugqwala kuphansi kancane, futhi isetshenziselwa izakhiwo eziphezulu zemishini kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ezinye izingxenye ezijwayelekile ziyadingeka, njengeziphethu, ama-steam turbine blades, ama-hydraulic press valve, njll.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lusetshenziswa ngemva kokucima nokushisa, futhi ukufakelwa kuyadingeka ngemva kokufakelwa nokufakwa.
(2) Insimbi ye-Ferritic: 15% kuya ku-30% i-chromium. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala, ukuqina kanye nokushibilika kuyanda ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-chromium, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokucindezeleka kwe-chloride ukugqwala kungcono kunezinye izinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali, njenge-Crl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28, njll.
Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kuhle kakhulu, kodwa izakhiwo zayo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo zenqubo azinhle. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni ezingamelani ne-asidi ezinokucindezeleka okuncane futhi njengensimbi elwa nokugqwala.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lungamelana nokugqwala komkhathi, i-nitric acid kanye nesixazululo sikasawoti, futhi lunezici zokumelana okuhle nokushiswa kwe-oxidation ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye ne-coefficient encane yokwanda kokushisa. Lusetshenziswa ku-nitric acid kanye nemishini yefektri yokudla, futhi lungasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza izingxenye ezisebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengezingxenye ze-gas turbine, njll.
(3) Insimbi ye-Austenitic: Iqukethe i-chromium engaphezu kuka-18%, futhi iqukethe cishe i-nickel engu-8% kanye nenani elincane le-molybdenum, i-titanium, i-nitrogen nezinye izinto. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala yizinto ezahlukahlukene.
Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kwesisombululo kwamukelwa, okungukuthi, insimbi ishiswa ku-1050-1150 ° C, bese ipholiswa ngamanzi noma ipholiswe emoyeni ukuze kutholakale isakhiwo se-austenite sesigaba esisodwa.
(4) Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic-ferritic (duplex): Inezinzuzo zensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ne-ferritic, futhi ine-superplasticity. I-Austenite ne-ferrite ngayinye ithatha cishe ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali.
Uma okuqukethwe kwe-C okuphansi, okuqukethwe kwe-Cr kungu-18% kuya ku-28%, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-Ni kungu-3% kuya ku-10%. Ezinye izinsimbi nazo ziqukethe izinto ezixubayo njenge-Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti, kanye ne-N.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lunezici zensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic kanye ne-ferritic. Uma iqhathaniswa ne-ferrite, i-plasticity kanye nokuqina okuphezulu, ayinabo ubuthakathaka bokushisa kwegumbi, ithuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokusebenza kokushisela, ngenkathi igcina insimbi. Insimbi engagqwali yomzimba iyaqina ku-475°C, inokushisa okuphezulu, futhi inezici ze-superplasticity.
Uma iqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, inamandla aphezulu futhi inamandla okumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokugqwala kwe-chloride stress. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Duplex inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala kwe-pitting futhi iyinsimbi engagqwali esindisa i-nickel.
(5) Insimbi engagqwali eqinisa imvula: i-matrix iyi-austenite noma i-martensite, kanti amazinga avame ukusetshenziswa ensimbi engagqwali eqinisa imvula angama-04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al njalo njalo. Iyinsimbi engagqwali engaqiniswa (iqiniswe) ngokuqinisa imvula (eyaziwa nangokuthi ukuqinisa ubudala).
Ngokusho kokwakheka, ihlukaniswe ngensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel kanye nensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium manganese nitrogen.
(1) Insimbi engagqwali ye-Chromium inokumelana nokugqwala okuthile (i-oxidizing acid, i-organic acid, i-cavitation), ukumelana nokushisa kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha iziteshi zikagesi, amakhemikhali, kanye ne-petroleum. Kodwa-ke, ukushibilika kwayo akukuhle, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe inqubo yokushibilika kanye nezimo zokwelashwa kokushisa.
(2) Ngesikhathi sokushisela, insimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel ishiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze kusheshiswe ama-carbide, okuzonciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
(3) Amandla, ukuqina, ukuqina, ukwakheka, ukushibilika, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-manganese kuhle.
Izinkinga ezinzima ekushiseni insimbi engagqwali kanye nokwethulwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nemishini
1. Kungani kunzima ukushisela insimbi engagqwali?
Impendulo: (1) Ukuzwela kokushisa kwensimbi engagqwali kunamandla kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sokuhlala ebangeni lokushisa elingu-450-850 ° C side kancane, futhi ukumelana nokugqwala kwendawo yokushisela kanye nendawo ethintekile ukushisa kuzoncishiswa kakhulu;
(2) ukuthambekela ekuqhekekeni kokushisa;
(3) Ukuvikelwa okungekuhle kanye nokushiswa okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa;
(4) I-coefficient yokwandisa okuqondile inkulu, futhi kulula ukukhiqiza ukuguqulwa okukhulu kokushisela.
2. Yiziphi izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzayo ezingathathwa zokushisela insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic?
Impendulo: (1) Khetha ngokuqinile izinto zokushisela ngokwesakhiwo samakhemikhali sensimbi eyisisekelo;
(2) Ukushisela okusheshayo ngamandla amancane kagesi, amancane kunciphisa ukufakwa kokushisa;
(3) Ucingo lokushisela olunobubanzi obuncane, induku yokushisela, akukho ukujikijela, ukushisela okunama-multi-pass amaningi;
(4) Ukupholisa okuphoqelekile komthungo wokushisela kanye nendawo ethintekile ukushisa ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuhlala ku-450-850°C;
(5) Ukuvikelwa kwe-Argon ngemuva kwe-TIG weld;
(6) Ama-weld athintana nendawo ebolile agcina e-welded;
(7) Ukwelashwa kokudlulisa umthungo wokushisela kanye nendawo ethintekile ekushiseni.
3. Kungani kufanele sikhethe ucingo kanye ne-electrode yokushisela yochungechunge lwama-25-13 yokushisela insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, insimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ye-alloy ephansi (ukushisela insimbi engafani)?
Impendulo: Ukushisela izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe ezingafani ezixhumanisa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic nensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ephansi ye-alloy, insimbi yediphozithi yokushisela kumele isebenzise ucingo lokushisela oluwuchungechunge lwama-25-13 (309, 309L) kanye nenduku yokushisela (Austenitic 312, Austenitic 307, njll.).
Uma kusetshenziswa ezinye izinto zokwelulela zensimbi engagqwali, isakhiwo se-martensitic kanye nemifantu ebandayo kuzovela emgqeni wokuhlanganisa ohlangothini lwensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ephansi ye-alloy.
4. Kungani izintambo zokushisela zensimbi engagqwali eziqinile zisebenzisa igesi yokuvikela engu-98%Ar+2%O2?
Impendulo: Ngesikhathi sokushisela i-MIG yentambo eqinile yensimbi engagqwali, uma kusetshenziswa igesi ye-argon emsulwa ukuvikela, ukucindezeleka kobuso bechibi elincibilikisiwe kuphakeme, futhi i-weld ayakhekanga kahle, okubonisa isimo se-weld "esinamaqhubu". Ukwengeza i-oxygen engu-1 kuya ku-2% kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso bechibi elincibilikisiwe, futhi umthungo we-weld ubushelelezi futhi muhle.
5. Kungani ubuso bensimbi engagqwali yokuwelda i-MIG weld buphenduka mnyama? Ungayixazulula kanjani le nkinga?
Impendulo: Isivinini sokushisela se-MIG sentambo yokushisela yensimbi engagqwali eqinile sishesha kakhulu (30-60cm/min). Lapho umlomo wegesi ovikelayo usugijimele endaweni engaphambili yechibi elincibilikisiwe, umthungo wokushisela usesesimweni sokushisa okuphezulu okubomvu-okushisayo, okufiphazwa kalula umoya, futhi ama-oxide akhiwa phezu kobuso. Ama-weld amnyama. Indlela yokuphakamisa i-pickling passivation ingasusa isikhumba esimnyama futhi ibuyisele umbala wokuqala wobuso bensimbi engagqwali.
6. Kungani ucingo oluqinile lokushisela insimbi engagqwali ludinga ukusebenzisa ugesi oluqhutshwa yi-pulsed ukuze kufezwe ukuguqulwa kwe-jet kanye nokushisela okungenawo ama-spray?
Impendulo: Uma kusetshenziswa i-MIG wire eqinile yensimbi engagqwali, i-φ1.2 welding wire, uma i-I yamanje ≥ 260 ~ 280A, ushintsho lwejethi lungabonakala; ithonsi liyi-short-circuit transition engaphansi kwaleli nani, futhi i-spatter inkulu, ngokuvamile ayinconywa.
Kuphela ngokusebenzisa ugesi we-MIG one-pulse, lapho i-pulse droplet ingaguquka khona isuka ekucacisweni okuncane iye ekucacisweni okukhulu (khetha inani elincane noma eliphakeme ngokuya ngobubanzi bentambo), ukushisela okungenamfafazo.
7. Kungani ucingo lokushisela lwensimbi engagqwali olune-flux-core luvikelwe yigesi ye-CO2 esikhundleni sokunikezwa kwamandla okucindezela?
Impendulo: Intambo yokushisela yensimbi engagqwali esetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje (njenge-308, 309, njll.), ifomula yokushisela yentambo yokushisela yathuthukiswa ngokwendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali okushisela ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwegesi ye-CO2, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile, asikho isidingo sokushisela kwe-arc okushisile (Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushisile ngokuyisisekelo kudinga ukusebenzisa igesi exubile), uma ufuna ukungena ekushintsheni kwe-droplet kusengaphambili, ungasebenzisa futhi ukushisela kwe-pulse noma imodeli yokushisela yegesi evamile evikelwe nge-mixed gas welding.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-24-2023