I-ASTM: Umbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye nezixhobo ze-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute I-ASME: Umbutho waseMelika weeNjineli zoomatshini I-API: I-American Petroleum Institute 
I-ASTM:I-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) yayisakuba yi-International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). Ngeminyaka yoo-1880, ukuze kusonjululwe izimvo kunye nomahluko phakathi kwabathengi kunye nababoneleli kwinkqubo yokuthenga nokuthengisa izixhobo zoshishino, abanye abantu bacebisa ukuseka inkqubo yekomiti yobugcisa, kwaye ikomiti yobugcisa yaququzelela abameli abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiingqungquthela zobugcisa ukuze baxoxe kwaye basombulule iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zezinto. , iinkqubo zovavanyo kunye neminye imiba ephikisanayo. Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-IATM yabanjwa eYurophu ngo-1882, apho kwasekwa ikomiti esebenzayo.
I-ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) yasekwa ngo-1880. Namhlanje ibe ngumbutho wezemfundo nobugcisa ongenzi nzuzo wamazwe ngamazwe onamalungu angaphezu kwe-125,000 kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yokukhula kwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwicandelo lobunjineli, iimpapasho ze-ASME zikwabonelela ngolwazi malunga nobuchwepheshe obuphambili kuzo zonke iinkalo. Izifundo ezigutyungelweyo ziquka: ubunjineli obusisiseko, imveliso, uyilo lwenkqubo, njl.
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi kunye namaqela obuchwephesha obuchwephesha eMelika ayesele eqalile umsebenzi wokumisela umgangatho, kodwa kwakukho ukungqubana okuninzi kunye neengxaki ngenxa yokungabikho kolungelelwaniso phakathi kwawo. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle, amakhulu emibutho yesayensi neyobuchwephesha, imibutho kunye namaqela onke akholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuseka umbutho okhethekileyo wokumisela umgangatho kunye nokwenza imigangatho eqhelekileyo emanyeneyo.
I-API: I-API sisifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. Yasekwa ngo-1919, i-API yintlangano yokuqala yezorhwebo yesizwe e-United States kwaye yenye yezona nkampani zorhwebo zokuqala neziphumeleleyo zokubeka umgangatho kwihlabathi.
Iimbopheleleko ezahlukeneyo i-ASTM ibandakanyeka kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwemigangatho yeempawu kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi oluhambelanayo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM iphuhliswa ziikomiti zobugcisa kwaye ibhalwe ngamaqela asebenzayo asemgangathweni. Nangona imigangatho ye-ASTM iyimigangatho eyenziwe ngamaqela ezemfundo angekho mthethweni. Okwangoku, imigangatho ye-ASTM yahlulwe yangamacandelo ali-15 (amacandelo) kwaye ipapashwe ngemiqulu (uMqulu). Uhlu oluqhelekileyo kunye nemiqulu yile ilandelayo: Uhlu:
(1) Iimveliso zentsimbi
(2) Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezomileyo
(3) Iindlela zokuvavanya kunye neenkqubo zokuhlalutya izinto zesinyithi
(4) Izixhobo zokwakha
(5) Iimveliso zepetroliyam, izinto zokuthambisa kunye namafutha eminerali
(6) Iipeyinti, iipeyinti ezinxulumene noko kunye neekhompawundi zevumba elimnandi
(7) Amalaphu kunye nezinto
(8) iplastiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Izigqubutheli zombane kunye neemveliso ze-elektroniki
(11) Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi kunye nokusiNgqongileyo
(12) Amandla enyukliya, amandla elanga
(13) Izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkonzo
(14) Izixhobo kunye neendlela zovavanyo ngokubanzi
(15) Iimveliso zoshishino ngokubanzi, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute liqela elingenzi nzuzo elingengorhulumente elimisela imigangatho. Kodwa ngokwenene libe liziko lesizwe elimisela imigangatho;
I-ANSI ngokwayo ayiphuhlisi imigangatho. Ukulungiswa komgangatho wayo we-ANSI kusebenzisa ikakhulu ezi ndlela zintathu zilandelayo:
1. Amacandelo afanelekileyo anoxanduva lokubhala, amema iingcali okanye amaqela eengcali ukuba avote, kwaye angenise iziphumo kwintlanganiso yovavanyo esemgangathweni esekwe yi-ANSI ukuze ihlolwe kwaye ivunywe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba kukuvota.
2. Abameli beekomiti zobugcisa ze-ANSI kunye neekomiti eziququzelelwe zeminye imibutho babhala iidrafti ezisemgangathweni, zivotelwe ngamalungu ekomiti, kwaye ekugqibeleni zihlolwe kwaye zivunywe yikomiti yokuhlaziya esemgangathweni. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yekomiti.
3. Kwimigangatho eyenziwe yimibutho eyahlukeneyo yobungcali kunye nemibutho, leyo ikhulileyo kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe inyuselwa kwimigangatho yesizwe (i-ANSI) emva kokuba ihlolwe ziikomiti zobugcisa ze-ANSI kwaye ibizwe njengeekhowudi ezisemgangathweni ze-ANSI kunye nenombolo yohlulo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye igcina ikhowudi yomgangatho yobungcali yokuqala.
Uninzi lwemigangatho ye-American National Standards Institute ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yobungcali kunye nemibutho inokwenza imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo. Kakade ke, ungenza nemigangatho yakho yombutho kungekhona ngokwemigangatho yesizwe. Imigangatho ye-ANSI yeyokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuba imigangatho enyanzelekileyo inokunciphisa inzuzo yemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho ekhankanyiweyo yimithetho kwaye yenziwe ngamasebe karhulumente ngokubanzi yimigangatho enyanzelekileyo.
I-ASME: Ibandakanyeka kakhulu kuphuhliso lwesayensi netekhnoloji kubunjineli boomatshini kunye namacandelo anxulumene noko, ikhuthaza uphando olusisiseko, ikhuthaza ukutshintshiselana kwezemfundo, iphuhlisa intsebenziswano nezinye iinjineli kunye nemibutho, iqhuba imisebenzi yokulinganisa, kwaye iqulunqa iinkcukacha kunye nemigangatho yoomatshini. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, i-ASME ikhokele uphuhliso lwemigangatho yoomatshini, kwaye iphuhlise imigangatho engaphezulu kwama-600 ukusuka kumgangatho wokuqala wentambo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngo-1911, kwasekwa iKomiti yoLawulo loMatshini weBoiler, kwaye iMiyalelo yoMatshini yabhengezwa ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya ku-1915. Kamva, lo myalelo wadityaniswa nemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neKhanada. I-ASME ibe liziko lobunjineli kwihlabathi liphela ikakhulu kwicandelo lobuchwepheshe, imfundo kunye nophando.
I-API: Yintlangano esemgangathweni evunyiweyo yi-ANSI. Isicwangciso sayo esisemgangathweni silandela izikhokelo zenkqubo yokulungelelanisa nophuhliso lwe-ANSI. I-API ikwaphuhlisa kwaye ipapashe imigangatho kunye ne-ASTM ngokudibeneyo. Imigangatho ye-API isetyenziswa kakhulu, kungekuphela nje yamkelwe ngamashishini aseTshayina, kodwa nakwimithetho karhulumente kunye neyelizwe eMelika. Imigaqo kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, uKhuseleko lweMisebenzi kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo, i-US Customs, i-Environmental Protection Agency, i-US Geological Survey, njl.njl., kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela yi-ISO, i-International Organisation for Legal Metrology kunye nemigangatho yelizwe engaphezulu kwe-100 ecatshulweyo. I-API: Imigangatho isetyenziswa kakhulu, kungekuphela nje yamkelwe ngamashishini aseTshayina, kodwa ikwacatshulwe yimithetho nemigaqo karhulumente kunye neyelizwe lase-US, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration, i-US Customs, i-Environmental Protection Agency, kunye ne-US Geological Survey. Kwaye ikwacatshulwe yi-ISO, i-International Organisation of Legal Metrology kunye nemigangatho yelizwe engaphezulu kwe-100 kwihlabathi liphela.
Umahluko kunye noQhagamshelo：Le migangatho mine iyahambelana kwaye ifundana. Umzekelo, imigangatho eyamkelwe yi-ASME ngokwezinto ezisetyenziswayo yonke ivela kwi-ASTM, imigangatho kwiivalvu ikakhulu ibhekisa kwi-API, kwaye imigangatho yokufakelwa kwemibhobho ivela kwi-ANSI. Umahluko usekwe kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, ngoko ke imigangatho eyamkelweyo yahlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, kunye ne-ASME zonke zingamalungu e-ANSI. Uninzi lwemigangatho ye-American National Standards Institute ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yobungcali kunye nemibutho inokwenza imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho ekhoyo yesizwe. Kakade ke, ungenza nemigangatho yakho yombutho kungekhona ngokwemigangatho yesizwe. I-ASME ayenzi msebenzi uthile, kwaye phantse zonke iimvavanyo kunye nomsebenzi wokwenza uqulunqo zigqitywa yi-ANSI kunye ne-ASTM. I-ASME iyaziqonda kuphela iinkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwayo, ngoko ke kuhlala kubonakala ukuba amanani aqhelekileyo aphindaphindwayo ngokwenene angumxholo ofanayo.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-27-2023