Intsimbi engatyiwayo (Intsimbi engatyiwayo)sisifinyezo sentsimbi engagqwaliyo enganyangekiyo yi-asidi, kwaye amanqanaba entsimbi angamelaniyo nezinto ezibuthathaka ezirhabaxa ezifana nomoya, umphunga, amanzi, okanye ezineempawu ezingagqwaliyo zibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Igama elithile "yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo"Ayibhekiseli nje kuhlobo olunye lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kodwa ibhekisa kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yemizi-mveliso, nganye kuzo inentsebenzo entle kwicandelo layo elithile lokusetyenziswa.
Zonke ziqulathe i-17 ukuya kwi-22% ye-chromium, kwaye amanqanaba entsimbi angcono aqulathe ne-nickel. Ukongeza i-molybdenum kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukugqwala komoya, ingakumbi ukumelana nokugqwala kwi-atmospheres ezine-chloride.
一. Uhlu lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo
1. Yintoni intsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nentsimbi engamelani ne-asidi?
Impendulo: Intsimbi engagqwaliyo sisifinyezo sentsimbi engagqwaliyo engagqwaliyo engagqwaliyo, engagqwaliyo kwimithombo ebuthathaka erhabaxa efana nomoya, umphunga, amanzi, okanye enentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Iindidi zentsimbi egqwaliyo zibizwa ngokuba ziintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo engagqwaliyo.
Ngenxa yokwahluka kwendlela ezibunjwe ngayo iikhemikhali, ukumelana kwazo nokugqwala kwahlukile. Intsimbi eqhelekileyo engagqwaliyo ngokubanzi ayixhathisi kugqwala okuphakathi kweekhemikhali, ngelixa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ene-asidi ngokubanzi ayixhathisi.
2. Ungayihlela njani intsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Impendulo: Ngokwemeko yombutho, inokwahlulwa ibe yintsimbi ye-martensitic, intsimbi ye-ferritic, intsimbi ye-austenitic, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic-ferritic (duplex) kunye nentsimbi engagqwaliyo yemvula.
(1) Intsimbi yeMartensitic: inamandla aphezulu, kodwa ayilunganga kakuhle kwaye ayidibani kakuhle.
Iindidi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-martensitic yi-1Cr13, 3Cr13, njl., ngenxa yomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni, inamandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka, kodwa ukumelana nokugqwala kuphantsi kancinci, kwaye isetyenziselwa iimpawu eziphezulu zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ezinye iindawo eziqhelekileyo ziyafuneka, ezifana nezipringi, iiblade ze-turbine zomphunga, iivalvu zoxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic, njl.
Olu hlobo lwentsimbi lusetyenziswa emva kokucima nokulungisa, kwaye ukufakelwa kwentsimbi kuyadingeka emva kokufakelwa nokugawulwa.
(2) Intsimbi yeFerritic: i-15% ukuya kwi-30% ye-chromium. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala, ukuqina kwayo kunye nokudityaniswa kwayo kuyanda ngokwanda komxholo we-chromium, kwaye ukumelana kwayo noxinzelelo lwe-chloride ukugqwala kungcono kunezinye iintlobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ezifana neCrl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28, njl.
Ngenxa yomxholo wayo ophezulu we-chromium, ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kulungile, kodwa iimpawu zayo zoomatshini kunye neempawu zenkqubo azilunganga. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo ezimelana ne-asidi ezingenaxinzelelo lungako kwaye njengentsimbi elwa ne-oxidation.
Olu hlobo lwentsimbi lunokumelana nokugqwala komoya, i-nitric acid kunye nesisombululo setyuwa, kwaye luneempawu zokuxhathisa kakuhle i-oxidation kubushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-thermal expansion coefficient encinci. Isetyenziswa kwi-nitric acid nakwizixhobo zefektri yokutya, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo ezisebenza kubushushu obuphezulu, njengeendawo ze-turbine zegesi, njl.njl.
(3) Intsimbi ye-Austenitic: Iqulethe i-chromium engaphezulu kwe-18%, kwaye ikwanayo ne-nickel emalunga ne-8% kunye nenani elincinci le-molybdenum, i-titanium, i-nitrogen kunye nezinye izinto. Isebenza kakuhle iyonke, imelana nokugqwala ziindlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokubanzi, unyango lwesisombululo luyamkelwa, oko kukuthi, intsimbi itshiswa ukuya kwi-1050-1150 ° C, ize ipholiswe ngamanzi okanye ipholiswe ngomoya ukuze kufunyanwe isakhiwo se-austenite sesigaba esinye.
(4) Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-Austenitic-ferritic (duplex): Ineengenelo zombini zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic, kwaye ine-superplasticity. I-Austenite kunye ne-ferrite nganye ithatha malunga nesiqingatha sentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Kwimeko yomxholo ophantsi we-C, umxholo we-Cr uphakathi kwe-18% ukuya kwi-28%, kwaye umxholo we-Ni uphakathi kwe-3% ukuya kwi-10%. Ezinye iintsimbi zikwanazo nezinto ezidibanisa i-alloying ezifana ne-Mo, i-Cu, i-Si, i-Nb, i-Ti, kunye ne-N.
Olu hlobo lwentsimbi luneempawu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic. Xa ithelekiswa ne-ferrite, i-plasticity ephezulu kunye nokuqina, ayinabo ubuthathaka bobushushu begumbi, iphucuke kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala phakathi kwe-granular kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding, ngelixa igcina intsimbi. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yomzimba i-brittle kwi-475°C, inomoya ophezulu wokushisa, kwaye ineempawu ze-superplasticity.
Xa ithelekiswa nentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic, inamandla aphezulu kwaye iphucule kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kunye nokugqwala koxinzelelo lwe-chloride. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-duplex inokumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo kwaye ikwayintsimbi engagqwali egcina i-nickel.
(5) Intsimbi engagqwaliyo eqinisa imvula: i-matrix yi-austenite okanye i-martensite, kwaye amanqanaba asetyenziswa kakhulu entsimbi engagqwaliyo eqinisa imvula yi-04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al njalo njalo. Yintsimbi engagqwaliyo enokuqiniswa (iqiniswe) ngokuqiniswa kwemvula (ekwaziwa nangokuqiniswa kobudala).
Ngokwendlela ebhalwe ngayo, yahlulwe yaba yi-chromium stainless steel, i-chromium-nickel stainless steel kunye ne-chromium manganese nitrogen stainless steel.
(1) Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yeChromium inokumelana nokugqwala okuthile (i-oxidizing acid, i-organic acid, i-cavitation), ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuguguleka, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezixhobo zezikhululo zamandla, iikhemikhali kunye nepetroleum. Nangona kunjalo, ukuwelda kwayo akunamsebenzi, kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe inkqubo yokuwelda kunye neemeko zonyango lobushushu.
(2) Ngexesha lokuwelda, intsimbi engatyiwayo ye-chromium-nickel ifudunyezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze ikhawulezise ii-carbides, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kunye neempawu zoomatshini.
(3) Amandla, ukuguguleka, ukuqina, ukwakheka, ukudityaniswa, ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-manganese zilungile.
Iingxaki ezinzima ekudibaniseni intsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nokuqaliswa kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo
1. Kutheni kunzima ukuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Impendulo: (1) Ubushushu obuvakalayo bentsimbi engagqwaliyo bunamandla kakhulu, kwaye ixesha lokuhlala kuluhlu lobushushu oluyi-450-850 ° C lide kancinci, kwaye ukumelana nokugqwala kwendawo echaphazelekileyo kukuwelda kunye nobushushu kuya kuncipha kakhulu;
(2) ethanda ukuqhekeka kobushushu;
(3) Ukhuseleko olubi kunye ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu;
(4) I-coefficient yokwandisa umgca inkulu, kwaye kulula ukuvelisa ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwe-welding.
2. Ngawaphi amanyathelo asebenzayo obuchwephesha anokuthathwa xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic?
Impendulo: (1) Khetha ngokungqongqo izinto zokuwelda ngokwendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iikhemikhali zesiseko sesinyithi;
(2) Ukuwelda okukhawulezayo ngombane omncinci, amandla amancinci kunciphisa ubushushu;
(3) Ucingo lokuwelda olunobubanzi obuncinci, intonga yokuwelda, akukho swing, ukuwelda okunamaleko amaninzi;
(4) Ukupholisa okunyanzelekileyo komthungo we-weld kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu ukunciphisa ixesha lokuhlala kwi-450-850°C;
(5) Ukhuselo lwe-Argon ngasemva kwe-TIG weld;
(6) Ii-welds ezidibana ne-corrosive medium ziyadityaniswa ekugqibeleni;
(7) Unyango lokuthuthwa komthungo kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu ngenxa yokudlulisa amandla.
3. Kutheni sifanele sikhethe ucingo kunye ne-electrode yochungechunge lwe-25-13 yokuwelda intsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, intsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi ye-alloy ephantsi (ukuwelda kwentsimbi eyahlukileyo)?
Impendulo: Ukuwelda ii-welded joints zentsimbi eyahlukileyo ezidibanisa i-austenitic stainless steel ne-carbon steel kunye ne-low alloy steel, i-weld deposit metal kufuneka isebenzise i-25-13 series welding wire (309, 309L) kunye ne-welding rod (Austenitic 312, Austenitic 307, njl.njl.).
Ukuba kusetyenziswa ezinye izinto zokudibanisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, isakhiwo se-martensitic kunye nemifantu ebandayo iya kubonakala kumgca wokudibanisa kwicala lentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi e-alloy ephantsi.
4. Kutheni iingcingo zokuwelda zentsimbi eqinileyo engenasici zisebenzisa igesi yokukhusela eyi-98%Ar+2%O2?
Impendulo: Ngexesha lokuwelda ucingo oluqinileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo (MIG), ukuba kusetyenziswa igesi ye-argon ecocekileyo ukukhusela, uxinzelelo lomphezulu wedama elinyibilikisiweyo luphezulu, kwaye i-weld ayidalwanga kakuhle, ibonisa imilo ye-weld "ene-humpback". Ukongeza i-oxygen eyi-1 ukuya kwi-2% kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu wedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye umthungo we-weld uthambile kwaye umhle.
5. Kutheni umphezulu we-stainless steel welding wire MIG weld ujika ube mnyama? Ungayisombulula njani le ngxaki?
Impendulo: Isantya sokuwelda se-MIG socingo oluqinileyo lokuwelda lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo sikhawuleza kakhulu (30-60cm/min). Xa umlomo wegesi okhuselayo ufikelele kwindawo engaphambili yedama elinyibilikisiweyo, umthungo wokuwelda usekwimeko yobushushu obuphezulu obubomvu nobushushu obuphezulu, obuthi bufakwe lula emoyeni, kwaye ii-oxides zenziwe phezu komphezulu. Ii-weld zimnyama. Indlela yokutshixa i-pickling inokususa ulusu olumnyama kwaye ibuyisele umbala wokuqala womphezulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
6. Kutheni ucingo oluqinileyo lokuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kufuneka lusebenzise umbane oshukumayo ukuze kufezekiswe utshintsho lwejethi kunye nokuwelda okungenaziqhushumbisi?
Impendulo: Xa i-MIG welding wire eqinileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, i-φ1.2 welding wire, xa i-I yangoku ≥ 260 ~ 280A, utshintsho lwejethi lunokwenzeka; ithontsi liyi-short-circuit transition engaphantsi kweli xabiso, kwaye i-spatter inkulu, ngokubanzi ayikhuthazwa.
Kuphela ngokusebenzisa umbane we-MIG kunye ne-pulse, apho i-pulse droplet ingatshintsha ukusuka kwi-specification encinci ukuya kwi-specification enkulu (khetha ixabiso elincinci okanye eliphezulu ngokwe-diameter ye-wire), i-welding engena-spatter.
7. Kutheni intambo yokuwelda yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enomphetho we-flux ikhuselwe yigesi ye-CO2 endaweni yombane oshukumayo?
Impendulo: Intambo yokuwelda yentsimbi engagqwali esetyenziswa rhoqo ngoku (njenge-308, 309, njl.njl.), ifomula yokuwelda kwintambo yokuwelda yenziwe ngokwendlela esebenza ngayo ikhemikhali yokuwelda phantsi kokhuseleko lwegesi ye-CO2, ngoko ke ngokubanzi, akukho mfuneko yombane wokuwelda we-arc oshukumayo (Umbane one-pulse ngokusisiseko kufuneka usebenzise igesi exutyiweyo), ukuba ufuna ukungena kwinguquko yedroplet kwangaphambili, ungasebenzisa nombane we-pulse okanye imodeli yokuwelda ekhuselweyo yegesi eqhelekileyo ene-mixed gas welding.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-24-2023