Intsimbi yesakhiwosisixhobo sokwakha esiqhelekileyo esenziwe ngeendidi ezithile zentsimbi kwaye siza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeemilo ezinqamlezileyo zoshishino (okanye "iiprofayili"). Iindidi zentsimbi yesakhiwo zenziwe ngekhemikhali ethile kunye neempawu zoomatshini ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okuthile.
EYurophu, intsimbi yolwakhiwo kufuneka ihambelane nomgangatho waseYurophuI-EN 10025, elawulwa yiKomiti yaseYurophu yoKulinganisa iNsimbi neNtsimbi (ECISS), iqela elingaphantsi leKomiti yaseYurophu yoKulinganisa iNsimbi (CEN).
Kukho imizekelo emininzi yemigangatho yentsimbi yesakhiwo yaseYurophu, efana ne-S195, S235, S275, S355, S420 kunye ne-S460. Kweli nqaku, siza kugxila kulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali, iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-S235, S275 kunye ne-S355, iimigangatho ezintathu zentsimbi yesakhiwo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kwi-European Union.
Ngokwe-Eurocode classification, iintsimbi zesakhiwo kufuneka zichongwe ngeempawu eziqhelekileyo kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga apho: S, 235, J2, K2, C, Z, W, JR kunye neJO, apho:
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokwenziwa, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, kunye nokusetyenziswa okunxulumene noko, oonobumba abongezelelweyo kunye nokuhlelwa kunokusetyenziswa ukuchonga uhlobo oluthile lwentsimbi okanye imveliso.
Udidi lwe-EU alungomgangatho wehlabathi, ngoko ke amanqaku amaninzi afanelekileyo aneempawu ezifanayo zeekhemikhali kunye nezoomatshini angasetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Umzekelo, intsimbi yolwakhiwo eveliswe kwimarike yase-US kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ze-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Iikhowudi zamazwe ngamazwe ziqala ngo-"A" zilandelwe ludidi olufanelekileyo, olufana no-A36 okanyeA53.
Kumazwe amaninzi, intsimbi yolwakhiwo ilawulwa kwaye kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho ethile yobume, ubungakanani, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye namandla.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi yokwakha kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kulawulwa kakhulu. Le yeyona nto iphambili emisela iimpawu zoomatshini zentsimbi. Kwitheyibhile engezantsi ungabona amanqanaba aphezulu epesenti yezinto ezithile ezihlengahlengiswayo ezikhoyo kwiiklasi zentsimbi yokwakha zaseYurophu i-S235,S275kunye ne-S355.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi yokwakha kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kulawulwa ngokungqongqo. Yinto ebalulekileyo emisela iimpawu zoomatshini zentsimbi. Kwitheyibhile engezantsi ungabona ipesenti ephezulu yezinye izinto ezilawulwayo kwiiklasi zentsimbi yokwakha zaseYurophu i-S235, i-S275 kunye ne-S355.
Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zentsimbi yokwakha lubaluleke kakhulu kwiinjineli kwaye luya kwahluka ukusuka kwinqanaba ukuya kwinqanaba kuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenziselwa ngayo. Umzekelo, i-S355K2W yintsimbi yokwakha eqinileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-K2, enekhemikhali eyenzelwe ukumelana nemozulu ephezulu - i-W. Ke ngoko, ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali lwale nqanaba yentsimbi yokwakha lwahlukile kancinci kumgangatho.Ibanga le-S355.
Iimpawu zoomatshini zentsimbi yokwakha zisisiseko sohlulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Nangona ukwakheka kweekhemikhali yeyona nto iphambili emisela iimpawu zoomatshini zentsimbi, kubalulekile ukwazi iikhrayitheriya ezincinci zeempawu zoomatshini okanye ukusebenza, ezinje ngamandla okuvelisa kunye namandla okutsalwa, njengoko kuchaziwe ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngezantsi.
Amandla okuvelisa intsimbi yesakhiwo alinganisa amandla amancinci afunekayo ukudala ukuguquka okusisigxina kwintsimbi. Indlela yokubiza amagama esetyenziswa kwi-EN10025 esemgangathweni yaseYurophu ibhekisa kumandla okuvelisa amancinci okuvelisa intsimbi yesigaba esivavanyiweyo kubukhulu obuyi-16 mm.
Amandla okuxinana kwentsimbi yesakhiwo anxulumene nendawo apho kwenzeka khona ukuguquka okusisigxina xa izinto zoluliwe okanye zoluliwe ngokunqamlezileyo kubude bazo.
Intsimbi yolwakhiwo iza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa idla ngokuthengiswa yenziwe ngendlela ethile enqamlezileyo eyenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okuthile. Umzekelo, intsimbi yolwakhiwo ethengiswa njengee-I-beams, ii-Z-beams, ii-box lintels, ii-hollow structural sections (HSS), ii-L-beams, kunye neepleyiti zentsimbi zixhaphakile.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo esifunekayo, injineli ichaza umgangatho wentsimbi—ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlangabezana namandla amancinci, ubunzima obukhulu, kunye neemfuno zemozulu ezinokubakho—kunye nemilo yecandelo—ngokumalunga nendawo efunekayo kunye nemithwalo okanye imithwalo elindelweyo.
Intsimbi yolwakhiwo inezicelo ezininzi, kwaye izicelo zayo zahlukile. Ziluncedo kakhulu kuba zibonelela ngomxube owahlukileyo wokudityaniswa kakuhle kunye namandla aqinisekisiweyo. Intsimbi yolwakhiwo yimveliso eguquguqukayo kakhulu edla ngokukhethwa ziinjineli ezifuna ukomeleza kakhulu okanye izakhiwo ezimile okwe-S ngelixa zinciphisa ubunzima bazo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-13-2023