Ityhubhu yentsimbi ye-ASTM A214 yityhubhu yentsimbi yekhabhoni edityaniswe nombane esetyenziselwa ukutshintshiselana nobushushu, ii-condenser, kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo zokudlulisa ubushushu. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwiityhubhu zentsimbi ezinobubanzi obungaphandle obungekho ngaphezu kwe-3in [76.2mm].
Ubungakanani beepayipi zentsimbi ezisetyenziswayo ngokwesiqheloayinkulu kune-3in [76.2mm].
Ezinye iisayizi zombhobho wentsimbi we-ERW zinokubonelelwa, ukuba loo mbhobho uhlangabezana nazo zonke ezinye iimfuno zale ngcaciso.
Izinto ezinikezelwe phantsi kwale nkcazelo ziya kuhambelana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zohlelo lwangoku lweSpecification A450/A450M. Ngaphandle kokuba kubonelelwe ngenye indlela apha.
Iityhubhu mazibe zenziwe nguukuwelda okumelana nombane (ERW).
Ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphantsi zokuvelisa, ukuchaneka kwayo okuphezulu, amandla ayo agqwesileyo kunye nokuqina kwayo, kunye nokuguquguquka koyilo, umbhobho wentsimbi we-ERW uye waba yinto ekhethwayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemibhobho yemizi-mveliso, ubunjineli bezakhiwo, kunye neeprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zeziseko zophuhliso.
Emva kokuwelda, zonke iityhubhu kufuneka ziphathwe ngobushushu obuyi-1650°F [900°] okanye ngaphezulu kwaye zilandelwe kukupholisa emoyeni okanye kwigumbi lokupholisa lesithando somoya esilawulwayo.
Iityhubhu ezitsalwa ngokubandayo mazinyangwe ngobushushu emva kokuba ukutsalwa kokugqibela okubandayo kudlule kubushushu obuyi-1200°F [650°C] okanye ngaphezulu.
| C(Ikhabhoni) | Mn(IManganese) | P(I-phosphorus) | S(Isalfure) |
| ubuninzi 0.18% | 0.27-0.63 | ubuninzi 0.035% | ubuninzi 0.035% |
Akuvumelekanga ukubonelela ngeentlobo zentsimbi ye-alloy ezifuna ngokukodwa ukongezwa kwanoma yintoni na ngaphandle kwezo zidwelisiweyo.
Iimfuneko zoomatshini azisebenzi kwiityhubhu ezinobubanzi bangaphakathi obungaphantsi kwe-0.126 in [3.2 mm] okanye ubukhulu obungaphantsi kwe-0.015 in [0.4 mm].
Ipropati yokuThatha
Akukho mfuneko ithile yeempawu zokuxinana kwi-ASTM A214.
Oku kungenxa yokuba i-ASTM A214 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwii-heat exchangers kunye nee-condenser. Uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwezi zixhobo akuhlali kubeka uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiipayipi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ingqalelo engakumbi inikwa kubuchule bepayipi bokumelana noxinzelelo, iimpawu zayo zokudlulisa ubushushu, kunye nokumelana kwayo nokugqwala.
Uvavanyo lokuTyatya
Kwipayipi edibeneyo, ubude becandelo lovavanyo olufunekayo abuyi kuba ngaphantsi kwe-4 in (100 mm).
Olu vavanyo lwenziwe ngamanyathelo amabini:
Inyathelo lokuqala luvavanyo lokuguquguquka, umphezulu wangaphakathi okanye wangaphandle wombhobho wentsimbi, akuyi kubakho mifantu okanye ukuqhekeka de umgama phakathi kweepleyiti ube ngaphantsi kwexabiso le-H elibalwe ngokwefomula elandelayo.
H=(1+e)t/(e+t/D)
H= umgama phakathi kweepleyiti ezithe tyaba, ngo. [mm],
t= ubukhulu bodonga obuchaziweyo bombhobho, ngo.[mm],
D= ububanzi obungaphandle obuchaziweyo betyhubhu, kwi. [mm],
e= 0.09 (ukuguquguquka ngobude beyunithi)(0.09 yentsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi (ikhabhoni ekhankanyiweyo ephezulu yi-0.18% okanye ngaphantsi)).
Inyathelo lesibini luvavanyo lokuthembeka, eza kuqhubeka ithambekiswa ide isampuli iphuke okanye iindonga zepayipi zihlangane. Kuyo yonke uvavanyo lokuthambekisa, ukuba kufunyenwe izinto ezifakwe ilaminate okanye ezingaphilanga, okanye ukuba i-weld ayiphelelanga, iya kwaliwa.
Uvavanyo lweFlange
Icandelo lombhobho kufuneka likwazi ukujijelwa kwindawo ekwii-engile zasekunene emzimbeni wombhobho ngaphandle kokuqhekeka okanye ukungafezeki okunokungavunyelwa phantsi kwemigaqo yenkcazo yemveliso.
Ububanzi beflange yeentsimbi zekhabhoni kunye ne-alloy abuyi kuba ngaphantsi kweepesenti.
| Ububanzi obungaphandle | Ububanzi beFlange |
| Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2½ in [63.5 mm], kuquka | I-15% ye-OD |
| Ngaphezulu kwe-2½ ukuya kwi-3¾ [63.5 ukuya kwi-95.2], kuquka | 12.5% ye-OD |
| Ngaphezulu kwe-3¾ ukuya kwi-8 [95.2 ukuya kwi-203.2], kuquka | I-15% ye-OD |
Uvavanyo lokuBuya kweFlattening
Ubude betyhubhu edibeneyo egqityiweyo eyi-5 intshi [100 mm] ngobukhulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-½ intshi [12.7 mm] ububanzi bangaphandle kufuneka yahlulwe ngobude ngama-90° kwicala ngalinye le-weld kwaye isampuli ivulwe kwaye ithambe nge-weld kwindawo yokugoba okuphezulu.
Akuyi kubakho bungqina bokuba iintanda azingeni okanye zingena ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yokususwa kwefleshi kwi-weld.
Uvavanyo loBulukhuni
Ubunzima bombhobho abuyi kudlula72 HRBW.
Kwiityhubhu ezingama-0.200 ngo-[5.1 mm] nangaphezulu ngobukhulu bodonga, kufuneka kusetyenziswe uvavanyo lokuqina kodonga lweBrinell okanye lweRockwell.
Uvavanyo lombane olusebenzisa amanzi okanye olungatshabalalisiyo lwenziwa kumbhobho ngamnye wentsimbi.
Uvavanyo lwe-Hydrostatic
Iixabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelokufuneka igcinwe ubuncinane imizuzwana emi-5 ngaphandle kokuvuza.
Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic lunxulumene nobubanzi bangaphandle kunye nobukhulu bodonga lombhobho. Lungabalwa ngefomula.
Iiyunithi ze-Inch-Pound: P = 32000 t/DorIiyunithi ze-SI: P = 220.6 t/D
P= uxinzelelo lovavanyo lwe-hydrostatic, i-psi okanye i-MPa,
t= ubukhulu bodonga obuchaziweyo, ngaphakathi okanye mm,
D= ububanzi obungaphandle obuchaziweyo, ngaphakathi okanye mm.
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lovavanyo, ukuthobela iimfuno ezingezantsi.
| Ububanzi bangaphandle beThubhu | Uxinzelelo loVavanyo lwe-Hydrostatic, i-psi [MPa] | |
| OD <1 kwi | OD ＜25.4 mm | 1000 [7] |
| 1≤ OD ＜1½ in | 25.4≤ OD ＜38.1 mm | 1500 [10] |
| 1½≤ OD ＜2 kwi | 38.≤ OD ＜50.8 mm | 2000 [14] |
| 2≤ OD ＜3 in | 50.8≤ OD ＜76.2 mm | 2500 [17] |
| 3≤ OD ＜5 in | 76.2≤ OD ＜127 mm | 3500 [24] |
| I-OD ≥5 in | I-OD ≥127 mm | 4500 [31] |
Uvavanyo loMbane olungonakalisiyo
Ityhubhu nganye kufuneka ihlolwe ngeendlela zovavanyo ezingonakalisiyo ngokuhambelana neSpecial E213, Specification E309 (izinto ze-ferromagnetic), Specification E426 (izinto ezingezizo zemagnethi), okanye Specification E570.
Le datha ilandelayo ifunyenwe kwi-ASTM A450 kwaye ihlangabezana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zombhobho wentsimbi odibeneyo kuphela.
Ukuphambuka kobunzima
0 - +10%, akukho kuphambuka ezantsi.
Ubunzima bombhobho wentsimbi bunokubalwa ngefomula.
W = C(Dt)t
W= ubunzima, Ib/ft [kg/m],
C= 10.69 kwiiYunithi ze-Inch [0.0246615 kwiiYunithi ze-SI],
D= ububanzi obungaphandle obuchaziweyo, kwi. [mm],
t= ubuncinane obuchaziweyo bobukhulu bodonga, kwi. [mm].
Ukuphambuka koBungqingqwa bodonga
0 - +18%.
Utshintsho kubukhulu bodonga lwalo naliphi na icandelo elinye lombhobho wentsimbi eliyi-0.220 kwi [5.6 mm] nangaphezulu aluyi kudlula ±5% yobukhulu bodonga obuqhelekileyo balo candelo.
Ubukhulu bodonga obuqhelekileyo bungumndilili wobukhulu bodonga obukhulu nobuncinci kakhulu kwicandelo.
Ukuphambuka kobubanzi obungaphandle
| Ububanzi obungaphandle | Iinguqu Ezivumelekileyo | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| I-OD ≤1 | I-OD ≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ± 0.1 |
| 1＜ OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜ OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ± 0.15 |
| 1½＜ OD ＜2 | 38.1＜ OD ＜50.8 | ±0.008 | ± 0.2 |
| 2≤ OD ＜2½ | 50.8≤ OD ＜63.5 | ±0.010 | ± 0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD ＜3 | 63.5≤ OD ＜76.2 | ± 0.012 | ±0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ±0.015 | ± 0.38 |
| 4＜ OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜ OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½＜ OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Ii-lubes ezigqityiweyo mazingabi nasikali. Ubungakanani obuncinci be-oxidation abuyi kuthathwa njengesikali.
Ityhubhu nganye mayibhalwe ngokucacileyo ngeigama lomenzi okanye uphawu, inombolo yeenkcukacha, kunye ne-ERW.
Igama okanye uphawu lomenzi lunokubekwa ngokusisigxina kwityhubhu nganye ngokuyiqengqa okanye ukuyinyathela kancinci ngaphambi kokuba ilungelelaniswe.
Ukuba istampu esinye sibekwe kwityhubhu ngesandla, olu phawu alufanele lube ngaphantsi kwe-8 in. [200 mm] ukusuka kwelinye icala letyhubhu.
Ukuxhathisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo: Ukukwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo luphawu olubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu.
Ukuqhuba kakuhle kobushushu: Izixhobo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa le tube yentsimbi ziqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu okugqwesileyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukutshintshiselana kobushushu okusebenzayo.
UkuxinanaEnye inzuzo kukuba zinokudityaniswa kakuhle ngokuwelda, nto leyo eyenza ukufakwa nokugcinwa kwazo kube lula.
Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zokutshintsha ubushushu, ii-condensers, kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo zokudlulisa ubushushu.
1. Izitshintshi zobushushu: Kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, izitshintshi zobushushu zisetyenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla obushushu ukusuka kolunye ulwelo (ulwelo okanye igesi) ukuya kolunye ngaphandle kokuzivumela ukuba ziqhagamshelane ngqo. Iityhubhu zentsimbi ze-ASTM A214 zisetyenziswa kakhulu kolu hlobo lwezixhobo kuba zinokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olunokwenzeka kwinkqubo.
2. Izikhondensi: IiCondensers zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekususeni ubushushu kwiinkqubo zokupholisa, umz. kwiinkqubo zokukhenkceza nezokupholisa umoya, okanye ekuguquleni umphunga ube ngamanzi kwizikhululo zamandla. Zisetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo ubushushu kakuhle kunye namandla oomatshini.
3. Izixhobo zokutshintshiselana ubushushuOlu hlobo lwetyhubhu yentsimbi lusetyenziswa nakwezinye izixhobo zokutshintshiselana ngobushushu ezifana nezitshintshi zobushushu kunye nezikhuphisi, ezifana nezitshisi kunye nezipholileyo.
I-ASTM A179: sisitshintshi sobushushu sentsimbi ethambileyo esitsalwa ngokubandayo kunye netyhubhu ye-condenser engenamthungo. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinezicelo ezifanayo, ezifana nezitshintshi zobushushu kunye nezitshintshi. Nangona i-A179 ingenamthungo, inika iimpawu ezifanayo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu.
I-ASTM A178: Igubungela iityhubhu zebhoyila zekhabhoni ezidityaniswe nokumelana kunye nekhabhoni-manganese. Ezi tyhubhu zisetyenziswa kwiibhoyila nakwii-superheater, kwaye zingasetyenziswa nakwiindawo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu ezineemfuno ezifanayo, ingakumbi apho kufuneka amalungu adityanisiweyo.
I-ASTM A192: igubungela iityhubhu zebhoyila zentsimbi yekhabhoni ezingenamthungo ukuze zisebenze ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Nangona ezi tyhubhu zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, izixhobo zazo kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa zizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zokudlulisa ubushushu ezifuna uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokumelana nobushushu.
Singumvelisi kunye nomthengisi wemibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni edityanisiweyo ekumgangatho ophezulu evela eTshayina, kwaye sikwangumthengisi wemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo, sikunika uluhlu olubanzi lwezisombululo zemibhobho yentsimbi!
Ukuba unemibuzo okanye ufuna ukwazi okungakumbi malunga neenkonzo zethu, ungathandabuzi ukuqhagamshelana nathi. Izisombululo zakho zemibhobho yentsimbi ezifanelekileyo zifumaneka nje!
