API 5L Fasalka Btuubo bir ah ayaa la soo saaraa iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha khuseeyaAPI 5Lwaxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa nidaamyada gaadiidka dhuumaha ee warshadaha saliidda iyo gaaska.
Fasalka Bwaxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan karaa sidaL245Astaamuhu waa in xoogga ugu yar ee wax soo saarka ee tuubada birta ahi uu yahay245 MPa.
Tuubada xariiqda API 5L waxaa laga heli karaa laba darajo oo qeexitaan badeecad ah:PSL1waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa nidaamyada gaadiidka caadiga ah, halkaPSL2wuxuu ku habboon yahay xaalado daran oo leh xoog farsamo oo sarreeya iyo heerarka tijaabada oo aad u adag.
Habka wax soo saarku wuxuu noqon karaa mid aan kala go 'lahayn (SMSS), iska caabin koronto oo la alxamay (ERW), ama qaanso biyo hoostooda ku jirta oo la alxamay (SAW) si ay ugu habboonaato baahiyaha kala duwan ee rakibidda iyo hawlgalka.
Birta Botop-ka ahwaa soo-saare xirfadle ah oo ka shaqeeya tuubooyin bir ah oo laba-geesood leh oo derbi weyn leh oo ku yaal Shiinaha.
Goobta: Magaalada Cangzhou, Gobolka Hebei, Shiinaha;
Wadarta Maalgashiga: 500 milyan oo RMB;
Bedka Warshadda: 60,000 mitir oo laba jibbaaran;
Awoodda wax soo saarka sanadlaha ah: 200,000 tan oo tuubooyin bir ah oo JCOE LSAW ah;
Qalabka: Qalabka wax soo saarka iyo tijaabada ee horumarsan;
Takhasus: Wax soo saarka tuubooyinka birta ah ee LSAW;
Shahaadada: API 5L oo shahaado haysta.
Kala-soocidda Darajada B ee API 5L
Waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr nooc oo kala duwan iyadoo lagu saleynayo Heerarka Kala Duwan ee Sharaxaadda Badeecada (PSL) iyo sidoo kale xaaladaha keenista.
Kala-soociddani waxay ka dhigaysaa xulashada tuubada saxda ah mid aad u khuseysa si loo daboolo baahiyaha mashruuc gaar ah iyo shuruudaha jawiga shaqada.
PSL1: B.
PSL2: BR;BN;BQ;BM.
Dhowr tuubo oo bir ah oo PSL 2 gaar ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa jawi adeeg gaar ah.
Deegaannada adeegga macaan: BNS; BQS; BMS.
Deegaanka adeegga dibadda: BNO; BQO; BMO.
Codsiyada u baahan awoodda cadaadiska balaastikada ee dhererka dheer: BNP; BQP; BMP.
Xaaladaha Bixinta
| PSL | Xaaladda Bixinta | Fasalka Tuubada/Birta | |
| PSL1 | Sida-rogidda, caadiyeynta rogidda, la duubay heerkulbeegga, la sameeyay heerkulbeegga, caadiyeynta la sameeyay, caadiyeysan, caadiyeysan oo la hagaajiyey; ama, haddiila isku raacay, la damiyay oo la hagaajiyay oo loogu talagalay tuubooyinka SMLS oo keliya | B | L245 |
| PSL 2 | Sida loo duubay | BR | L245R |
| Caadiyeynta duuban, caadiyeynta la sameeyay, la caadiyeeyay, ama la caadiyeeyay oo la hagaajiyay | BN | L245N | |
| La damiyay oo la hagaajiyay | BQ | L245Q | |
| Heerkulbeegganikada la duubay ama heerkulbeegga la sameeyay | BM | L245M | |
Xaaladda keenista tuubada birta ah waxay inta badan tilmaamaysaa daaweynta kulaylka ama daawaynta kale ee la sameeyo dhammaadka habka wax soo saarka ee tuubada birta ah, daawayntanina waxay saameyn muhiim ah ku leedahay sifooyinka farsamada, iska caabbinta daxalka, iyo xasilloonida qaab-dhismeedka tuubada birta ah.
Habka Wax Soo Saarka Tuubooyinka Birta ee API 5L GR.B
Tuubada heerka API 5L ee heerka B waxaa lagu soo saari karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid ka mid ah hababka wax soo saarka ee jadwalka soo socda.
| API 5L PSL1 Fasalka B | SMSS | LFW | HFW | SAWL | SAWH | COWL | COWH |
| API 5L PSL2 Fasalka B | SMSS | — | HFW | SAWL | SAWH | COWL | COWH |
Si aad wax badan uga ogaato macnaha ereyga "Manufacturing Process",halkan guji.
LSAWwaa xalka ugu habboon ee tuubooyinka birta ah ee dhexroorkoodu weyn yahay, ee derbiyada qaro weyn leh.
Muuqaalka gaarka ah ee muuqaalka waa joogitaanka alxanka jihada dheer ee tuubada.
Nooca Dhamaadka Tuubada
Noocyada dhammaadka tuubooyinka birta ah ee API 5L Heerka B way ku kala duwanaan karaan PSL1 iyo PSL2.
Dhamaadka Tuubada Birta ah ee PSL 1
Dhamaadka gambaleelka leh; Dhamaadka caadiga ah;Dhammaad caadi ah oo loogu talagalay isku xidhka gaarka ah; Dhammaad dunaysan.
Dhamaadka gambaleelaha: Ku xaddidan tuubooyinka leh D ≤ 219.1 mm (8.625 inji) iyo t ≤ 3.6 mm (0.141 inji) dhammaadka godka.
Dhammaadka dunta leh: Tuubada dunta leh waxay ku kooban tahay SMLS iyo tuubo tolmo dheer leh oo leh D < 508 mm (20 inji).
Dhamaadka Tuubada Birta ah ee PSL 2
Dhamaadka caadiga ah.
Wixii tuubooyin caadi ah, shuruudaha soo socda waa in la raaco:
Wajiyada dhammaadka ee tuubada caadiga ah ee t ≤ 3.2 mm (0.125 inji) waa in la gooyaa afar geesle.
Tuubooyinka caadiga ah ee leh t > 3.2 mm (0.125 inji) waa in loo laalaa si loo alxamo. Xagasha bevel waa inay noqotaa 30-35° ballaca wejiga xididka bevel-kana waa inay noqotaa 0.8 - 2.4 mm (0.031 - 0.093 inji).
Halabuurka Kiimikada API 5L Fasalka B
Halabuurka kiimikada ee tuubooyinka birta ah ee PSL1 iyo PSL2 t t > 25.0 mm (0.984 in) waa in lagu go'aamiyaa heshiis.
Halabuurka Kiimikada ee Tuubada PSL 1 oo leh t ≤ 25.0 mm (0.984 inji.)
Halabuurka Kiimikada ee Tuubada PSL 2 oo leh t ≤ 25.0 mm (0.984 inji.)
Badeecadaha tuubooyinka birta ah ee PSL2 oo lagu falanqeeyaykaarboonka ku jira ≤0.12%, CE u dhiganta kaarboonkapcmwaxaa lagu xisaabin karaa qaacidada soo socota:
CEpcm= C + Si/30 + Mn/20 + Cu/20 + Ni/60 + Cr/20 + Mo/15 + V/15 + 5B
Badeecadaha tuubooyinka birta ah ee PSL2 oo lagu falanqeeyayKaarboonka ku jira > 0.12%, CE u dhiganta kaarboonkallwwaxaa lagu xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaacidada hoose:
CEllw= C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni +Cu)/15
Hantida Farsamada ee API 5L Fasalka B
Hantida Tijaabada ah
Sifooyinka Tijaabada PSL1 GR.B
Sifooyinka Tijaabada PSL2 GR.B
Fiiro gaar ah: Kordhinta ugu yar ee la cayimay, Afwaxaa loo go'aamin doonaa sida loo isticmaalayo isla'egta soo socota:
Af= C × (Axc)0.2/U0.9)
Cwaa 1940 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada SI iyo 625,000 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada USC;
Axc Waa aagga tijaabada ee la taaban karo ee ku habboon, oo lagu muujiyay milimitir laba jibbaaran (inji laba jibbaaran), sida soo socota:
1) qaybaha tijaabada ee wareega ee isgoyska, 130 mm2(0.20 inji.2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 12.7 mm (0.500 inji) iyo 8.9 mm (0.350 inji); 65 mm2(0.10 inji.2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 6.4 mm (0.250 inji);
2) qaybaha tijaabada ee qaybta buuxda, kan ugu yar a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji.2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, T oo laga soo qaatay dhexroorka dibadda ee la cayimay iyo dhumucda derbiga ee la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.01 inji.2);
3) qaybaha tijaabada xariijimaha, kan ugu yar a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji.2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, oo laga soo qaatay ballaca la cayimay ee qaybta tijaabada iyo dhumucda derbiga la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.01 inji.2);
Uwaa xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay, oo lagu muujiyay megapascals (pounds halkii inji laba jibbaaran).
Imtixaanka Laabista
Qayb ka mid ah muunadda lama jeexi karo, alxankuna waa inaanu dillaacin.
Imtixaanka Fiditaanka
Laguma dabaqi karo tuubooyinka birta ah ee LSAW.
Ku habboonEW, LW, iyoCWnoocyada wax soo saarka ee tuubooyinka.
Tijaabada leexashada hagitaanka
Muuji dildilaac kasta ama dillaac kasta oo ku dhaca birta alxanka oo ka dheer 3.2 mm (0.125 inji), iyadoon loo eegin qoto dheer.
Soo bandhig dildilaac kasta ama dildilaac kasta oo ku dhaca birta waalidka, HAZ, ama khadka isku-dhafka oo ka dheer 3.2 mm (0.125 inji) ama ka qoto dheer 12.5% dhumucda derbiga la cayimay.
Tijaabada Saamaynta CVN ee Tuubada PSL 2
Imtixaanka saamaynta ee CVN (Charpy V-Notch), waa hab tijaabo ah oo heer sare ah oo lagu qiimeeyo adkeysiga walxaha marka la mariyo culaysyo saameyn degdeg ah.
Shuruudaha soo socda ayaa khuseeya darajooyinka ≤ X60 ama L415.
| Shuruudaha Tamarta ee CVN ee Jirka Tuubada PSL 2 | |
| Dhexroorka Dibadda ee la Cayimay D mm (in.) | Tamarta Nuugista CVN ee Cabbirka Buuxa daq Kv J (ft.lbf) |
| ≤762 (30) | 27 (20) |
| ＞762 (30) ilaa 2134 (84) | 40 (30) |
Tijaabada DWT ee Tuubada PSL 2 ee la isku qurxiyey
Celceliska aagga jarista ee tijaabada kasta waa inuu ahaadaa ≥ 85% heerkulka tijaabada 0 °C (32 °F).
Tuubooyinka leh dhumucda derbigu ka badan tahay 25.4 mm (1 inji), shuruudaha aqbalaadda ee tijaabada DWT waa in laga wada xaajoodaa.
Imtixaanka Hydrostatic-ka
Waqtiga Tijaabada
Dhammaan cabbirrada tuubooyinka birta ah ee aan kala go 'lahayn iyo kuwa la alxamay ee leh D ≤ 457 mm (18 inji):waqtiga tijaabada ≥5s;
Tuubo bir ah oo la alxamay D > 457 mm (18 inji):waqtiga tijaabada ≥10s.
Soo noqnoqoshada Tijaabada
Tuubo bir ah kasta.
Cadaadiska tijaabada
Cadaadiska tijaabada hydrostatic-ka P ee atuubo bir ah oo caadi ahwaxaa lagu xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaacidada.
P = 2St/D
Swaa cadaadiska wareegga. qiimuhu wuxuu la mid yahay xoogga wax soo saarka ugu yar ee la cayimay ee tuubada birta ah boqolkiiba xa, MPa (psi);
Fasalka 5L ee API B, boqolleyda waa 60% cadaadiska tijaabada caadiga ah iyo 70% cadaadiska tijaabada ee ikhtiyaariga ah.
Wixii D <88.9 mm (3.500 in.), looma baahna in cadaadiska tijaabada uu dhaafo 17.0 MPa (2470 psi);
Wixii D > 88.9 mm (3.500 in.), looma baahna in cadaadiska tijaabada uu ka bato 19.0 MPa (2760 psi).
twaa dhumucda derbiga la cayimay, oo lagu muujiyay milimitir (inji);
Dwaa dhexroorka dibadda ee la cayimay, oo lagu muujiyay milimitir (inji).
Kormeer aan Burburin
Tuubooyinka SAW, laba hab,UT(tijaabinta ultrasound) amaRT(tijaabinta shucaaca), badanaa waa la isticmaalaa.
ET(tijaabinta elektromagnetka) laguma dabaqi karo tuubooyinka SAW.
Tolmada alxanka ee ku yaal tuubooyinka alxanka ee heerarka ≥ L210/A iyo dhexroorka ≥ 60.3 mm (2.375 inji) waa in si aan burburin loo baari si loo ogaado dhumucda iyo dhererka buuxa (100%) sida ku cad.
Baaritaanka UT ee aan burburin
Baaritaanka aan burburin ee RT
Cadee Dhexroorka Dibadda iyo Dhumucda Darbiga
Qiimayaasha caadiga ah ee dhexroorka dibadda ee la cayimay iyo dhumucda derbiga ee la cayimay ee tuubooyinka birta ah ayaa lagu bixiyayISO 4200iyoASME B36.10M.
Dulqaadka Cabbirka
Dulqaadka Dhexroorka iyo Wareegga Ka Baxsan
Dhexroorka tuubada birta ah waxaa lagu qeexaa wareegga tuubada ee meel kasta oo wareegsan oo loo qaybiyay π.
Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga
Dulqaadka dhererka
Dhererka qiyaasta ahwaa in la geeyaa heerkul u dhexeeya ± 500 mm (20 inji).
Dulqaadka loogu talagalaydherer aan kala sooc lahayn
| Magacaabista Dhererka aan kala sooca lahayn m (ft) | Dhererka Ugu Yar m (ft) | Celceliska Dhererka Ugu Yar ee Dalab Kasta m (ft) | Dhererka Ugu Badan m (ft) |
| Tuubo dunaysan oo isku xidhan | |||
| 6 (20) | 4.88 (16.0) | 5.33 (17.5) | 6.86 (22.5) |
| 9 (30) | 4.11 (13.5) | 8.00 (26.2) | 10.29 (33.8) |
| 12 (40) | 6.71 (22.0) | 10.67 (35.0) | 13.72 (45.0) |
| Tuubo Caadi ah | |||
| 6 (20) | 2.74 (9.0) | 5.33 (17.5) | 6.86 (22.5) |
| 9 (30) | 4.11 (13.5) | 8.00 (26.2) | 10.29 (33.8) |
| 12 (40) | 4.27 (14.0) | 10.67 (35.0) | 13.72 (45.0) |
| 15 (50) | 5.33 (17.5) | 13.35 (43.8) | 16.76 (55.0) |
| 18 (60) | 6.40 (21.0) | 16.00 (52.5) | 19.81 (65.0) |
| 24 (80) | 8.53 (28.0) | 21.34 (70.0) | 25.91 (85.0) |
Dulqaadka Toosnaanta
leexashada toosan ee ka sarreysadhererka oo dhan ee tuubada: ≤ 0.200 L;
leexashada toosan eeDhammaadka tuubada birta ah ee 1.5 m (5.0 ft): ≤ 3.2mm (0.125 inji).
Dulqaadka Toosnaanta
Labajibbaaran dhammaadka waxaa lagu qeexaa afargeesle dhammaadka tuubada.
Ka baxsan labajibbaaran waa inuu ahaadaa < 1.6 mm (0.063 inji). Ka baxsan labajibbaaran waxaa lagu cabbiraa farqiga u dhexeeya dhammaadka tuubada iyo lugta dhammaadka tuubada.
Dulqaadka tolmada Alxanka
Kala-goynta Radial-ka ugu Badan ee la Ogol yahayTuubada SAW iyo COW.
| Dhumucda Darbiga ee la Cayimay t mm (in.) | Kala-goynta Radial-ka ugu Badan ee la Ogol yahayamm (in.) |
| ≤ 15.0 (0.590) | 1.5 (0.060) |
| > 15.0 (0.590) ilaa 25.0 (0.984) | 0.1t |
| > 25.0 (0.984) | 2.5 (0.098) |
| aXaddidaadahani waxay sidoo kale khuseeyaan alxanka dhammaadka xariijimaha/saxanka | |
Dhererka ugu Badan ee Loo Ogol yahay ee kuul AlxankaTuubada SAW iyo COW (Marka laga reebo Dhammaadka Tuubada).
| Dhumucda Darbiga ee la Cayimay mm (in.) | Dhererka kuul alxanka mm (in.) ugu badnaan | |
| Kuul Gudaha ah | Kuul Dibadda ah | |
| ≤13.0 (0.512) | 3.5 (0.138) | 3.5 (0.138) |
| >13.0 (0.512) | 3.5 (0.138) | 4.5 (0.177) |
Alxanku waa inuu si siman ugu wareego dusha sare ee tuubada birta ah ee ku xigta.
Alxanka dhammaadka tuubada waa in la shiido dhererkiisu yahay 100 mm (4.0 inji) oo leh dherer alxan ah oo harsan oo ah ≤ 0.5 mm (0.020 inji).
Dulqaadka Mass
Tuubo bir ah kasta:
a) tuubooyin gaar ah oo cabbirkoodu yahay iftiin: -5.0% - +10.0%;
b) tuubooyinka Darajada L175, L175P, A25, iyo A25P: -5.0% - +10.0%;
c) dhammaan tuubooyinka kale: -3.5% - +10.0%.
Tuubbo dhulkiiba(≥ 18 tan (20 tan) dalabka bangi):
a) darajooyinka L175, L175P, A25, iyo A25P: -3.5%;
b) dhammaan darajooyinka kale: -1.75%.
Codsiyada API 5L GR.B
Tuubada birta ah ee API 5L Heerka B waa nooc ka mid ah tuubooyinka khadka ah, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo in lagu qaado dareerayaasha sida saliidda, gaaska dabiiciga ah, iyo biyaha, waana mid ka mid ah agabka si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo warshadaha saliidda iyo gaaska.
Nidaamyada gudbinta saliidda iyo gaaskaTuubada birta ah ee API 5L Heerka B waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa goobaha soo saarista iyo farsamaynta ee saliidda iyo gaaska si loogu qaado saliidda cayriin iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah nidaamyada ururinta ama xarumaha wax soo saarka.
Dhuumaha biyahaDaawaynta dusha sare ee dheeraadka ah, sida dahaarka ama dahaarka, ayaa la isticmaali karaa si loo hagaajiyo iska caabbinta daxalka si loogu isticmaalo gudbinta biyaha, oo ay ku jiraan sahayda biyaha iyo nidaamyada waraabka.
Warshadeeyayaasha: Warshadaha sifeynta, tuubooyinka birta ah ee API 5L Heerka B waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qaado noocyo kala duwan oo kiimikooyin ah iyo dhexdhexaadiyayaal ah oo ka soo jeeda kala-soocidda jajabka ee saliidda cayriin.
Dhismaha iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha: Warshadaha dhismaha, buundooyinka dhismaha, dhismayaasha taageerada, ama mashaariicda kale ee muhiimka ah ee kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, gaar ahaan meelaha loo baahan yahay gaadiidka dareeraha masaafada dheer.
API 5L Heerka B U dhigma
ASTM A106 Heerka BTuubooyinka birta kaarboonka ee aan kala go 'lahayn ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa adeegga heerkulka sare, iyadoo leh halabuurka kiimikada iyo sifooyinka farsamada oo aad ugu eg API 5L Grade B. ASTM A106 Grade B waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa rarista uumiga biyaha heerkulka sare leh, kiimikooyinka, iyo alaabada batroolka.
ASTM A53 Heerka B: Kani waa nooc kale oo tuubo bir ah oo kaarboon ah, kaas oo la alxan karo ama aan sinayn, waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa codsiyada injineernimada, dhismaha, iyo kuwa kale. In kasta oo inta badan loo isticmaalo codsiyada cadaadiska hooseeya iyo heerkulka, haddana qaar ka mid ah xuduudaha hantida farsamada waxay la mid yihiin API 5L Heerka B.
EN 10208-2 L245NB: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista dhuumaha si loogu qaado gaasaska guban kara iyo dareerayaasha kale. L245NB (1.0457) waa bir tuubo oo xoog dhexdhexaad ah leh oo leh astaamo farsamo oo la mid ah API 5L Grade B.
ISO 3183 L245: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa nidaamyada gaadiidka dhuumaha ee warshadaha saliidda iyo gaaska. L245 ee ISO 3183 aad ayuu ugu dhow yahay guryaha API 5L Heerka B waxaana badanaa loo isticmaali karaa isweydaarsi.
Adeegyo Dheeraad ah oo aan bixin karno
Birta Botop-ka ahKaliya ma bixiso tuubo bir ah oo tayo sare leh oo API 5L ah oo heerka B ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ku siinaysaa adeegyo taageero oo taxane ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo ikhtiyaarro dahaarka ka hortagga daxalka, xalalka baakadaha shaqsiyeed, iyo taageero saadka oo dhammaystiran si loo hubiyo inaan dabooli karno baahiyahaaga kala duwan.
Waxaan ka go'annahay inaan abuurno goob hal-joojin ah oo kuu oggolaanaysa inaad si fudud u gasho dhammaan alaabada iyo adeegyada aad u baahan tahay. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo adeegyadayada xirfadeed iyo kuwa la isku halleyn karo, waxaad si hufan oo dhib la'aan ah u dhammaystiri kartaa tallaabo kasta oo mashruucaaga ah, adigoo hubinaya tayada iyo horumarka. Hadafkayagu waa inaan noqono lammaanahaaga ugu kalsoonida badan.
Dahaarka ka hortagga daxalka
Birta Botop-ka ahwaxay bixisaa noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo ah ikhtiyaarrada dahaarka ilaalinta daxalka, oo ay ku jiraanrinjiyeysan, galvanized ah,3LPE (HDPE), 3LPP,FBE, iyo miisaannada sibidhka ee ka hortagga, si aad u buuxiso shuruudaha isticmaalka kala duwan ee mashruucaaga.
baakad
Waxaan bixinaa noocyo kala duwan oo ikhtiyaarrada baakadaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan baaldi, xeedho, sanduuqyo, iyo daboollo tuubooyin ah, kuwaas oo loo habeyn karo si loo daboolo baahiyahaaga gaarka ah.
Taageerada Farsamada
Shirkaddayadu waxay ka go'an tahay inay bixiso adeegyo taageero farsamo oo dhammaystiran oo daboolaya dhammaan marxaladaha mashruuca. Laga bilaabo diyaarinta qandaraaska kahor mashruuca ilaa diyaarinta iibsiga iyo gaadiidka bartamaha mashruuca, ilaa dayactirka iyo xallinta dhibaatooyinka mashruuca kadib, kooxdayada xirfadlayaasha ah waxay ku siin karaan talo iyo taageero khabiir ah.
Hadafkayagu waa inaan kaa caawinno inaad ka iibsato badeecooyin tayo sare leh oo la awoodi karo Shiinaha, annagoo hubinayna in mashruucaagu si habsami leh oo kharash-ool ah u socdo. Waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan kula shaqeyno si aan u abuurno mustaqbal guul-guul leh.
