ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI: American National Standards Institute ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: American Petroleum Institute 
ASTM:American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) yaimbova International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). Muma1880, kuitira kugadzirisa mafungiro nekusiyana pakati pevatengi nevatengesi mukutenga nekutengesa zvinhu zvemaindasitiri, vamwe vanhu vakakurudzira kuumba sisitimu yekomiti yehunyanzvi, uye komiti yehunyanzvi yakaronga vamiriri vanobva kumativi ese kuti vatore chikamu mumisangano yehunyanzvi kuti vakurukure nekugadzirisa zvinodiwa nezvinhu. , maitiro ekuyedza nedzimwe nyaya dzinokakavadzana. Musangano wekutanga weIATM wakaitwa muEurope muna 1882, apo komiti yekushanda yakaumbwa.
ASME: Sangano reAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) rakavambwa muna 1880. Nhasi rave sangano redzidzo nehunyanzvi risingatsvage purofiti rine nhengo dzinopfuura 125,000 pasi rose. Nekuda kwekukura kuri kuita hunyanzvi hwemainjiniya, mabhuku eASME anopawo ruzivo nezve tekinoroji dzemazuva ano muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Zvidzidzo zvinofukidzwa zvinosanganisira: engineering yekutanga, kugadzira, dhizaini yesystem, nezvimwewo.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute yakavambwa muna 1918. Panguva iyoyo, mabhizinesi mazhinji nemapoka ehunyanzvi muUnited States akanga atotanga basa rekuenzanisa, asi pakanga paine kusawirirana nematambudziko akawanda nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekubatana pakati pavo. Kuti vawedzere kuvandudza mashandiro, mazana emasangano esainzi netekinoroji, masangano nemapoka ese anotenda kuti zvakakosha kuumba sangano rekuenzanisa rakakosha uye kugadzira zviyero zvakabatana.
API: API ipfupiso yeAmerican Petroleum Institute. Yakavambwa muna 1919, API ndiyo sangano rekutanga rebhizinesi renyika muUnited States uye imwe yemakambani ekutanga uye akabudirira kwazvo ekutengesa pasi rose.
Mabasa akasiyana-siyana ASTM inonyanya kuita mukugadzira zviyero zvehunhu uye mashandiro ezvigadzirwa, zvigadzirwa, masisitimu nemasevhisi, uye kuparadzira ruzivo rwakabatana. Mitemo yeASTM inogadzirwa nemakomiti ehunyanzvi uye inonyorwa nemapoka anoshanda akajairwa. Kunyangwe zviyero zveASTM zviri zviyero zvakagadzirwa nemapoka edzidzo asiri epamutemo. Parizvino, zviyero zveASTM zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu gumi nezvishanu (Zvikamu) uye zvinoburitswa mumavhoriyamu (Vhoriyamu). Kupatsanurwa kwakajairwa nemavhoriyamu ndekwekuti: Kupatsanurwa:
(1) Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi
(2) Simbi dzisina ferrous
(3) Nzira dzekuyedza uye maitiro ekuongorora zvinhu zvesimbi
(4) Zvishandiso zvekuvaka
(5) Zvigadzirwa zvemafuta, mafuta ekufambisa uye mafuta emaminerari
(6) Pendi, mapendi akafanana uye zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira
(7) Machira nezvinhu
(8) purasitiki
(9) Rabha
(10) Zvidziviriro zvemagetsi nezvinhu zvemagetsi
(11) Tekinoroji yeMvura neZvakatipoteredza
(12) Simba renyukireya, simba rezuva
(13) Midziyo yekurapa nemasevhisi
(14) Kugadzira zvishandiso uye nzira dzekuedza dzakawanda
(15) Zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri, makemikari akakosha uye zvinhu zvinodyiwa
ANSI: Sangano reAmerican National Standards Institute isangano risiri rehurumende risingatsvage purofiti. Asi rave nzvimbo yenyika yekuenzanisa mitemo;
ANSI pachayo haiwanzogadzira mwero. Kugadzirira mwero wayo weANSI kunonyanya kushandisa nzira nhatu dzinotevera:
1. Mapoka akakodzera ane basa rekunyora, kukoka nyanzvi kana mapoka ehunyanzvi kuti vavhote, uye kutumira zvabuda kumusangano wekuongorora wakagadzwa neANSI kuti uongororwe uye ubvumidzwe. Nzira iyi inonzi kuvhota.
2. Vamiriri vemakomiti ehunyanzvi eANSI nemakomiti akarongwa nemamwe masangano vanonyora madhirowa akajairwa, anovhoterwa nenhengo dzese dzekomiti, uye pakupedzisira anoongororwa nekubvumidzwa nekomiti yekuongorora yakajairwa. Nzira iyi inonzi nzira yekomiti.
3. Kubva pamitemo yakagadzirwa nemasangano akasiyana-siyana ehunyanzvi nemasangano, ayo akura uye ane kukosha kukuru kunyika anosimudzirwa kumitemo yenyika (ANSI) mushure mekuongororwa nemakomiti ehunyanzvi eANSI uye akatumidzwa semakodhi emhando yeANSI uye nhamba yekupatsanura, asi panguva imwe chete achichengetedza kodhi yemhando yehunyanzvi yekutanga.
Zvizhinji zvezviyero zveAmerican National Standards Institute zvinobva pazviyero zvehunyanzvi. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano akasiyana-siyana ehunyanzvi nemasangano anogonawo kugadzira mimwe mitemo yechigadzirwa zvichibva pazviyero zvenyika zviripo. Ehe, unogona zvakare kugadzira yako yega mitemo yekubatana kwete zvichienderana nezviyero zvenyika. Zviyero zveANSI ndezvekuzvidira. United States inotenda kuti zviyero zvinosungirwa zvinogona kudzikamisa kubudirira kwekubudirira. Zvisinei, zviyero zvinotaurwa nemitemo uye zvakagadzirwa nemadhipatimendi ehurumende zvinowanzo kuve zviyero zvinosungirwa.
ASME: Inonyanya kuita basa rekusimudzira sainzi netekinoroji muinjiniya yemakanika neminda yakafanana, ichikurudzira kutsvagurudza kwekutanga, ichikurudzira kuchinjana kwedzidzo, ichivandudza kushandira pamwe nemamwe mainjiniya nemasangano, ichiita mabasa ekuenzanisa, uye ichigadzira zvinodiwa zvemakanika nemipimo. Kubva payakatanga, ASME yakatungamira kuvandudzwa kwemipimo yemakanika, uye yakagadzira zviyero zvinopfuura mazana matanhatu kubva pachiyero chepakutanga cheshinda kusvika pari zvino. Muna 1911, Boiler Machinery Directive Committee yakatangwa, uye Machinery Directive yakaziviswa kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1915. Gare gare, murairo uyu wakabatanidzwa nemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana siyana neCanada. ASME yave sangano remainjiniya pasi rose kunyanya muminda yetekinoroji, dzidzo neongororo.
API: Isangano rinogara richizivikanwa neANSI. Mitemo yaro inotevera nhungamiro dzeANSI dzekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa. API inogadzirawo pamwe chete uye inoburitsa mitemo neASTM. Mitemo yeAPI inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kwete chete nemabhizinesi muChina, asiwo nemitemo yenyika nematunhu muUnited States. Mitemo nemasangano ehurumende akadai seDhipatimendi reKufambisa, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro, Kuchengetedzwa Kwebasa uye Hutano, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, nezvimwewo, uye inoshandiswawo pasi rese neISO, International Organisation for Legal Metrology uye mitemo yenyika inopfuura zana yakataurwa. API: Mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kwete chete nemabhizinesi muChina, asi zvakare yakataurwa nemitemo yenyika nematunhu eUS, pamwe nemasangano ehurumende akadai seDhipatimendi reKufambisa, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, uye US Geological Survey. Uye yakataurwawo neISO, International Organisation of Legal Metrology uye mitemo yenyika inopfuura zana pasi rose.
Musiyano uye Connection：Miyero mina iyi inowirirana uye inodzidza kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, mwero wakagamuchirwa neASME maererano nezvinhu zvese unobva kuASTM, mwero uri pamavharuvhu unonyanya kureva API, uye mwero wepombi fittings unobva kuANSI. Musiyano uripo mukutarisa kwakasiyana kweindasitiri, saka mwero wakagamuchirwa wakasiyana. API, ASTM, uye ASME vese inhengo dzeANSI. Miyero mizhinji yeAmerican National Standards Institute inobva kumiyero yehunyanzvi. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano akasiyana-siyana ehunyanzvi nemasangano anogonawo kugadzira mimwe mitemo yechigadzirwa zvichibva pamiyero yenyika iripo. Ehe, unogona zvakare kugadzira mwero wako wekubatana kwete zvichienderana nemitemo yenyika. ASME haiite basa rakati, uye dzinenge dzese bvunzo nebasa rekugadzira zvinopedzwa neANSI neASTM. ASME inongoziva chete marongero ekushandiswa kwayo, saka zvinowanzoonekwa kuti nhamba dzakajairwa dzinodzokororwa dzine zvirimo zvakafanana.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-27-2023