ASTM: Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Ibizamini n’Ibikoresho ANSI: Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika ASME: Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Abahanga mu by’Ubumenyi bw’Imashini API: Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ubucuruzi bwa Peteroli 
ASTM:Umuryango w’Abanyamerika w’Ibipimo n’Ibikoresho (ASTM) wahoze ari Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Ibikoresho byo Gupima (IATM). Mu myaka ya 1880, kugira ngo hakemurwe ibitekerezo n’itandukaniro hagati y’abaguzi n’abatanga ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kugura no kugurisha ibikoresho by’inganda, hari abantu batanze igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho uburyo bwa komite tekiniki, maze komite tekiniki ishyiraho abahagarariye impande zose kugira ngo bifatanye mu nama z’ibiganiro bya tekiniki kugira ngo baganire kandi bakemure ibibazo bireba ibikoresho. , inzira zo gupima n’ibindi bibazo bishyamiranya. Inama ya mbere ya IATM yabereye i Burayi mu 1882, aho hashinzwe komite ikora.
ASME: Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Abahanga mu by’Ubumenyi bw ...
ANSI: Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika cyashinzwe mu 1918. Icyo gihe, ibigo byinshi n’amatsinda y’abahanga mu bya tekiniki muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika byari byaratangiye imirimo yo gushyiraho ubuziranenge, ariko hari ibintu byinshi bivuguruzanya n’ibibazo bitewe no kutagira ubufatanye hagati yabyo. Kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa imikorere, amashyirahamwe amagana y’abahanga mu bya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, amashyirahamwe n’amatsinda byose byizera ko ari ngombwa gushyiraho umuryango wihariye wo gushyiraho ubuziranenge no gushyiraho amahame rusange ahuriweho.
API: API ni incamake y'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi cya Amerika. Yashinzwe mu 1919, API ni ishyirahamwe rya mbere ry'ubucuruzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikaba n'imwe mu matsinda y'ubucuruzi ya mbere kandi yatsinze cyane ku isi.
Inshingano zihariye ASTM ikora cyane cyane mu guteza imbere amahame ngenderwaho agenga imiterere n'imikorere y'ibikoresho, ibicuruzwa, sisitemu na serivisi, no gukwirakwiza ubumenyi bujyanye nabyo. Amahame ngenderwaho ya ASTM ategurwa na komite za tekiniki kandi agategurwa n'amatsinda asanzwe akora. Nubwo amahame ngenderwaho ya ASTM ari amahame ngenderwaho yashyizweho n'amatsinda y'abahanga atemewe. Kuri ubu, amahame ngenderwaho ya ASTM agabanyijemo ibyiciro 15 (Ibice) kandi agatangazwa mu mibumbe (Umubumbe). Ibyiciro ngenderwaho n'imibumbe ni ibi bikurikira: Ibyiciro:
(1) Ibikoresho by'icyuma
(2) Ibyuma bitari fer
(3) Uburyo bwo gupima n'uburyo bwo gusesengura ibikoresho by'icyuma
(4) Ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi
(5) Ibikomoka kuri peteroli, amavuta yo kwisiga n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli
(6) Amarangi, irangi rijyanye n'ibyo n'ibintu bihumura neza
(7) Imyenda n'ibikoresho
(8) pulasitiki
(9) Rubber
(10) Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikingira amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga
(11) Ikoranabuhanga mu by'amazi n'ibidukikije
(12) Ingufu za kirimbuzi, ingufu z'izuba
(13) Ibikoresho na serivisi by'ubuvuzi
(14) Uburyo bwo gupima ibikoresho n'uburyo rusange bwo kubigerageza
(15) Ibicuruzwa rusange by'inganda, imiti yihariye n'ibikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa
ANSI: Ikigo cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika ni itsinda riharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ritari irya leta. Ariko mu by’ukuri ryabaye ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge;
ANSI ubwayo ntabwo ikunze guteza imbere amahame ngenderwaho. Gutegura amahame ngenderwaho yayo ya ANSI ahanini bikoresha uburyo butatu bukurikira:
1. Inzego zibishinzwe zishinzwe kwandika, gutumira impuguke cyangwa amatsinda y’abanyamwuga gutora, no gutanga ibyavuye mu nama isanzwe y’isuzuma yashyizweho na ANSI kugira ngo isuzumwe kandi yemezwe. Ubu buryo bwitwa gutora.
2. Abahagarariye komite tekiniki za ANSI na komite zateguwe n'indi miryango bandika imbanzirizamushinga isanzwe, igatorwa n'abagize komite bose, hanyuma igasuzumwa kandi ikemezwa na komite isanzwe isuzuma. Ubu buryo bwitwa uburyo bwa komite.
3. Uhereye ku mahame ngenderwaho yashyizweho n'imiryango n'amashyirahamwe atandukanye y'abanyamwuga, ayo amaze igihe kinini kandi afite akamaro kanini ku gihugu azamurwa mu ntera akurikije amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu (ANSI) nyuma yo gusuzumwa na komite tekiniki za ANSI zikitwa kode ngenderwaho za ANSI n'inomero yo gushyira mu byiciro, ariko icyarimwe akagumana amategeko ngenderwaho y'umwimerere y'umwuga.
Amahame menshi y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika aturuka ku mahame y’umwuga. Ku rundi ruhande, amashyirahamwe n’amashyirahamwe atandukanye y’umwuga ashobora no gushyiraho amahame amwe n’amwe y’ibicuruzwa ashingiye ku mahame y’igihugu asanzweho. Birumvikana ko ushobora kandi gushyiraho amahame y’ishyirahamwe ryawe bwite atari ay’igihugu. Amahame ya ANSI ni ubushake. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zizera ko amahame y’itegeko ashobora kugabanya inyungu z’umusaruro. Ariko, amahame avugwa n’amategeko kandi ashyirwaho n’inzego za leta muri rusange ni amahame y’itegeko.
ASME: Ikora cyane cyane mu iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga mu buhanga bw'imashini n'ibindi bifitanye isano, ishishikariza ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze, iteza imbere ubuhahirane mu by'amasomo, iteza imbere ubufatanye n'andi mashyirahamwe y'ubuhanga n'amashyirahamwe, ikora ibikorwa byo gupima ubuziranenge, kandi ishyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imashini. Kuva yashingwa, ASME yayoboye iterambere ry'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imashini, kandi yashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho birenga 600 kuva ku gipimo ngenderwaho cy'umwimerere kugeza ubu. Mu 1911, Komite Ishinzwe Amabwiriza y'Imashini zikoresha Boiler yashyizweho, maze Amabwiriza y'Imashini atangazwa kuva mu 1914 kugeza mu 1915. Nyuma, aya mabwiriza yahujwe n'amategeko ya leta zitandukanye na Kanada. ASME yabaye ikigo cy'ubuhanga ku isi hose cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga, uburezi n'ubushakashatsi.
API: Ni umuryango ushingiye ku bipimo ngenderwaho wemewe na ANSI. Imiterere yawo ishingiye ku bipimo ngenderwaho ikurikiza amabwiriza ya ANSI yo guhuza no guteza imbere. API kandi ihuriza hamwe amahame ngenderwaho na ASTM. Amabwiriza ngenderwaho ya API akoreshwa cyane, atari mu bigo byo mu Bushinwa gusa, ahubwo anakurikizwa n'amategeko ya leta n'ay'ibihugu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Amabwiriza n'ibigo bya leta nka Minisiteri y'Ubwikorezi, Minisiteri y'Ingabo, Ubuyobozi bw'Umutekano n'Ubuzima mu Kazi, Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe Kurengera Ibidukikije, Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi ku Majyambere ya Amerika, n'ibindi, kandi akoreshwa ku isi yose na ISO, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Ubushakashatsi ku Majyambere n'amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu arenga 100 yavuzwe. API: Amabwiriza ngenderwaho akoreshwa cyane, atari mu bigo byo mu Bushinwa gusa, ahubwo anavugwa n'amategeko ngenderwaho ya leta n'ay'ibihugu byo muri Amerika, ndetse n'ibigo bya leta nka Minisiteri y'Ubwikorezi, Minisiteri y'Ingabo, Ubuyobozi bw'Umutekano n'Ubuzima mu Kazi, Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe Kurengera Ibidukikije, n'Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi ku Majyambere ya Amerika. Kandi anavugwa na ISO, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Ubushakashatsi ku Majyambere n'amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu arenga 100 ku Isi.
Itandukaniro n'isano:Izi ngingo enye zuzuzanya kandi zigafashanya. Urugero, amahame yemejwe na ASME mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho byose biva kuri ASTM, amahame yo kuri valves ahanini yerekeza kuri API, naho amahame yo gushyiramo imiyoboro aturuka kuri ANSI. Itandukaniro riri mu ntego zitandukanye z'inganda, bityo amahame yemejwe aratandukanye. API, ASTM, na ASME byose ni abanyamuryango ba ANSI. Amahame menshi y'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuziranenge cya Amerika aturuka ku mahame y'umwuga. Ku rundi ruhande, amashyirahamwe n'amashyirahamwe atandukanye y'umwuga ashobora no gushyiraho amahame amwe n'amwe y'ibicuruzwa hashingiwe ku mahame y'igihugu asanzweho. Birumvikana ko ushobora kandi gushyiraho amahame y'ishyirahamwe ryawe ukurikije amahame y'igihugu. ASME ntabwo ikora akazi runaka, kandi hafi ya yose igerageza n'imirimo yo gushushanya irangizwa na ANSI na ASTM. ASME yemera gusa ibisabwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe ubwayo, bityo bikunze kugaragara ko imibare isanzwe isubirwamo ari kimwe mu bikubiye muri yo.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-27-2023