Icyuma kidafunze (Icyuma kidafunze)ni icyuma kidapfa gushonga, kandi ibyuma birwanya aside idapfa gushonga nk'umwuka, umwuka ushyushye, amazi, cyangwa bifite imiterere idapfa gushonga byitwa icyuma kidapfa gushonga.
Ijambo "icyuma kitagira umwanda"ntibivuga gusa ubwoko bumwe bw'icyuma kitagira umugese, ahubwo bivuga ubwoko burenga ijana bw'icyuma kitagira umugese cyo mu nganda, buri kimwe muri byo gifite imikorere myiza mu rwego rwacyo rwihariye rwo gukoreshwa.
Byose birimo chromium iri hagati ya 17 na 22%, kandi ibyuma byiza bifite nikeli. Kongeramo molybdenum bishobora kongera kwangirika k’ikirere, cyane cyane kurwanya kwangirika k’ikirere kirimo chloride.
一. Gushyira mu byiciro ibyuma bitagira umugese
1. Icyuma kidashonga n'icyuma kidashonga ni iki?
Igisubizo: Icyuma kidashonga ni icyuma ...
Bitewe n'itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire muri ibyo byombi, ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kurwanya ingese buratandukanye. Ibyuma bisanzwe bitagira ingese muri rusange ntibirwanya ingese yo hagati mu by'ubutabire, mu gihe icyuma kirwanya aside muri rusange kiba gifite ingese yo kwirinda ingese.
2. Ni gute washyira mu byiciro ibyuma bitagira umugese?
Igisubizo: Dukurikije imiterere y’ikigo, gishobora kugabanywamo icyuma cya martensitic, icyuma cya ferritic, icyuma cya austenitic, icyuma cya austenitic-ferritic (duplex) n’icyuma cya stainless steel gikomera mu gihe cy’imvura.
(1) Icyuma cya Martensitic: gikomeye cyane, ariko plastike mbi kandi ntigishobora gusudira.
Ingano zikunze gukoreshwa za martensitic stainless steel ni 1Cr13, 3Cr13, nibindi, kubera ko ifite karuboni nyinshi, ifite imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana n'ubudasaza, ariko ubudasa buragabanuka gato, kandi ikoreshwa mu miterere myiza ya mekanike no mu budasaza. Ibice bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe birakenewe, nk'amasoko, ibyuma bishyushya turbine, valves za hydraulic, nibindi.
Ubwo bwoko bw'icyuma bukoreshwa nyuma yo kuzimya no gushyushya, kandi gufunga birakenewe nyuma yo gucura no gusiga.
(2) Icyuma cya Ferritic: 15% kugeza 30% bya chromium. Ubudahangarwa bwayo mu kwangirika, gukomera no gusudira byiyongera uko chromium yiyongera, kandi ubudahangarwa bwayo mu kwangirika kwa chloride ni bwiza kurusha ubundi bwoko bw'icyuma kidashonga, nka Crl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28, nibindi.
Kubera ko ifite chromium nyinshi, kurwanya ingese no kurwanya ogisijeni ni byiza, ariko imiterere yayo ya mekanike n'imiterere yayo yo kuyitunganya ni mibi. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane ku nyubako zirwanya aside zifite umuvuduko muto kandi nk'icyuma kirwanya ogisijeni.
Ubu bwoko bw'icyuma bushobora kurwanya ingese y'ikirere, aside nitrike n'umunyu, kandi bufite imiterere yo kudakoresha ogisijeni mu bushyuhe bwinshi no kwaguka guke k'ubushyuhe. Bukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'uruganda rw'ibiribwa n'ibikomoka ku bimera, kandi bushobora no gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice bikora ku bushyuhe bwinshi, nk'ibice bya turbine ya gaze, n'ibindi.
(3) Icyuma cya Austenitic: Gifite chromium irenga 18%, kandi gifite nikeli igera kuri 8% hamwe n'umubare muto wa molybdenum, titaniyumu, azote n'ibindi bintu. Muri rusange, gihangana n'ingese n'ibintu bitandukanye.
Muri rusange, uburyo bwo gutunganya umuti bukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga ko icyuma gishyushya kugeza kuri 1050-1150 ° C, hanyuma kigakonjeshwa n'amazi cyangwa kigakonjeshwa n'umwuka kugira ngo haboneke imiterere ya austenite y'icyiciro kimwe.
(4) Icyuma kitagira umugese cya Austenitic-ferritic (duplex): Gifite ibyiza bya austenitic na ferritic stainless steel, kandi gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byinshi. Austenite na ferrite buri kimwe kigize kimwe cya kabiri cy'icyuma kitagira umugese.
Mu gihe C iri hasi, Cr iri hagati ya 18% na 28%, naho Ni iri hagati ya 3% na 10%. Ibyuma bimwe na bimwe birimo ibintu bivangavanze nka Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti, na N.
Ubu bwoko bw'icyuma bufite imiterere nk'iy'icyuma cya austenitic na ferritic stainless. Ugereranyije na ferrite, ifite plasticity yo hejuru n'ubukomere, nta bushyuhe bwo mu cyumba bushobora kwangirika, ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese no gusudira neza, mu gihe ikomeza icyuma. Icyuma cya stainless cyo mu mubiri kirashobora kwangirika kuri 475°C, gifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi gifite imiterere nk'iy'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ugereranyije n'icyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic, gifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi kirwanya cyane ingese hagati y'udukoko twombi ndetse n'ingese ya chloride. Icyuma kitagira umugese cya Duplex gifite imbaraga nziza zo kurwanya ingese kandi ni icyuma kitagira umugese kizigama nikeli.
(5) Icyuma gikomera mu buryo bw'imvura: matrix ni austenite cyangwa martensite, kandi urwego rusanzwe rukoreshwa mu buryo bw'icyuma gikomera mu buryo bw'imvura ni 04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al n'ibindi. Ni icyuma gikomera gishobora gukomera (gukomezwa) binyuze mu gukomera mu buryo bw'imvura (bizwi kandi nka age hardening).
Dukurikije imiterere yayo, igabanyijemo icyuma kitagira umugese cya chromium, icyuma kitagira umugese cya chromium-nickel na chromium manganese azote itagira umugese.
(1) Icyuma kidashonga cya Chromium gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese (aside igabanya ubushyuhe, aside organic, cavitation), kirwanya ubushyuhe n'ubudasaza, kandi muri rusange gikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'ibikoresho bya sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi, imiti, na peteroli. Ariko, ubushobozi bwo gusudira buragabanuka, kandi hakwiye kwitabwaho uburyo bwo gusudira n'uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe.
(2) Mu gihe cyo gusudira, icyuma kitagira umugese cya chromium-nickel gishyushya kenshi kugira ngo karubide zitere, ibyo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese n'imikorere ya mekanike.
(3) Ingufu, ubushobozi bwo kugenda, gukomera, ubushobozi bwo gukurura, ubushobozi bwo gusudira, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika no kudashwanyagurika kw'icyuma cya chromium-manganese ni byiza.
Ibibazo bigoye mu gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese no gutangiza ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho
1. Kuki gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese bigoranye?
Igisubizo: (1) Ubushyuhe bw'icyuma kitagira umugese burakomeye, kandi igihe cyo gutura mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 450-850 ° C ni kirekire gato, kandi ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese mu gice cyo gusudira n'ubushyuhe buzagabanuka cyane;
(2) ikunze kwangirika n'ubushyuhe;
(3) Uburinzi buke n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije;
(4) Igipimo cyo kwaguka kw'umurongo ni kinini, kandi biroroshye gutuma habaho impinduka nini mu gusudira.
2. Ni izihe ngamba z'ikoranabuhanga zifatika zishobora gufatwa mu gusudira ibyuma bita austenitic stainless steel?
Igisubizo: (1) Hitamo neza ibikoresho byo gusudira ukurikije imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'icyuma gishingiyeho;
(2) Gusudira byihuse hakoreshejwe ingufu z'amashanyarazi make, bigabanya ubushyuhe bwinjira;
(3) Insinga yo gusudira ifite umurambararo muto, inkoni yo gusudira, nta gusimbuka, gusudira ifite urwego rwinshi rw'inzira nyinshi;
(4) Gukonjesha cyane umugozi wo gusudira n'agace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe kugira ngo bigabanye igihe cyo gutura kuri 450-850°C;
(5) Uburinzi bwa Argon inyuma y'icyuma cya TIG;
(6) Ibyuma bisudira bihuye n'ikintu gihumanya birasudira burundu;
(7) Gutunganya umushongi wo gusudira n'agace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusimbuza.
3. Kuki twahitamo insinga zo gusudira zifite seri 25-13 na electrode yo gusudira icyuma cya austenitic stainless steel, icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma gito (cyangwa seringi zitandukanye)?
Igisubizo: Gusudira ibyuma bitandukanye bisukwa bihuza icyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic n'icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma gito cya alloy, icyuma gisukwa kigomba gukoresha insinga 25-13 zo gusudira (309, 309L) n'inkoni yo gusudira (Austenitic 312, Austenitic 307, nibindi).
Iyo hakoreshejwe ibindi bikoresho byo gusudira by'icyuma kidashonga, imiterere ya martensitic n'imyanya ikonje bizagaragara ku murongo wo guhuza ibyuma ku ruhande rw'icyuma cya karuboni n'icyuma gito cya alloy.
4. Kuki insinga zikomeye zo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese zikoresha gazi yo kurinda 98% Ar + 2% O2?
Igisubizo: Mu gihe cyo gusudira insinga zikomeye z'icyuma kidashonga, iyo hakoreshejwe gaze ya argon mu kurinda, ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe buba bwinshi, kandi ubushyuhe buba bumeze nabi, bugaragaza imiterere ya "humpback". Kongeramo ogisijeni hagati ya 1 na 2% bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe, kandi umushongi w'ubushyuhe ukaba mwiza kandi uryoshye.
5. Kuki ubuso bw'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishyushya imirasire cya MIG buhinduka umukara? Ni gute wakemura iki kibazo?
Igisubizo: Umuvuduko wo gusudira wa MIG w'insinga ikomeye yo gusudira icyuma kidashonga ni muto cyane (30-60cm/min). Iyo umunwa w'umwuka urinda ugeze imbere mu gice cy'imbere cy'ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe, umushongi wo gusudira uba ukiri mu bushyuhe bukabije, bushobora kongerwamo umwuka, kandi ogisijeni zigakorwa hejuru. Gusudira ni umukara. Uburyo bwo gusuka uruhu rw'umukara bushobora gukuraho ibara ry'umwimerere ry'icyuma kidashonga.
6. Kuki insinga ikomeye yo gusudira icyuma kidafunze ikenera gukoresha amashanyarazi akoresha umuyaga kugira ngo ihinduke kandi idacana?
Igisubizo: Iyo ukoresheje insinga ikomeye ya MIG, insinga ya φ1.2, iyo ukoresheje umuriro wa I ≥ 260 ~ 280A, ihinduka ry'indege rishobora kugerwaho; agatonyanga ni ihinduka rya "short-circuit" rifite agaciro kari munsi y'aka, kandi isuka ni nini, muri rusange ntibyemewe.
Gukoresha amashanyarazi ya MIG hamwe n'ingufu gusa, ni byo bishobora gutuma ingufu zihinduka ziva ku bipimo bito zijya ku bipimo binini (hitamo agaciro gato cyangwa ntarengwa ukurikije umurambararo w'insinga), gusudira nta mashanyarazi.
7. Kuki insinga zo gusudira icyuma kitagira umugozi zirimo flux-core zirinzwe na gaze ya CO2 aho kuba amashanyarazi akoresha pulse?
Igisubizo: Insinga zo gusudira zikoresha icyuma kitagira umugozi zikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe (nk'izifite 308, 309, n'izindi), formula yo gusudira mu nsinga yo gusudira ikorwa hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gusudira hakoreshejwe icyuma gikoreshwa mu gusudira munsi y'uburinzi bwa gaze ya CO2, bityo muri rusange, nta mpamvu yo gukoresha ingufu zo gusudira zikoresha pulse arc (Ingufu zikoresha pulse zigomba gukoresha gaze ivanze), niba ushaka kwinjira mu mpinduka y'amazi mbere y'igihe, ushobora kandi gukoresha pulse power supply cyangwa model isanzwe yo gusudira ifite gazi ivanze hamwe na mixed gaz welding.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-24-2023