ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI: American National Standards Institute ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: American Petroleum Institute 
ASTMBungwe la American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) kale linali International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). M'zaka za m'ma 1880, pofuna kuthetsa maganizo ndi kusiyana pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa pakugula ndi kugulitsa zipangizo zamafakitale, anthu ena adapereka lingaliro lokhazikitsa dongosolo la komiti yaukadaulo, ndipo komiti yaukadaulo idakonza oimira ochokera mbali zonse kuti achite nawo misonkhano yaukadaulo kuti akambirane ndikuthetsa zofunikira zazinthuzo. , njira zoyesera ndi nkhani zina zotsutsana. Msonkhano woyamba wa IATM unachitika ku Europe mu 1882, pomwe komiti yogwira ntchito idakhazikitsidwa.
ASME: Bungwe la American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) linakhazikitsidwa mu 1880. Masiku ano lakhala bungwe lopanda phindu la maphunziro ndi ukadaulo padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi mamembala oposa 125,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa gawo la uinjiniya, mabuku a ASME amaperekanso chidziwitso paukadaulo wapamwamba m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Mitu yomwe ikukambidwa ndi iyi: uinjiniya woyambira, kupanga, kapangidwe ka makina, ndi zina zotero.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute idakhazikitsidwa mu 1918. Panthawiyo, mabizinesi ambiri ndi magulu aukadaulo ku United States anali atayamba kale ntchito yokhazikitsa miyezo, koma panali zotsutsana zambiri ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kusowa mgwirizano pakati pawo. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, mabungwe mazana ambiri asayansi ndi ukadaulo, mabungwe ndi magulu onse amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa bungwe lapadera lokhazikitsa miyezo ndikupanga miyezo yonse yogwirizana.
API: API ndi chidule cha American Petroleum Institute. Yokhazikitsidwa mu 1919, API ndi bungwe loyamba lazamalonda ku United States komanso limodzi mwa mabungwe oyamba komanso opambana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi okhazikitsa miyezo.
Maudindo osiyanasiyana ASTM imagwira ntchito makamaka pakupanga miyezo ya makhalidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a zipangizo, zinthu, machitidwe ndi ntchito, komanso kufalitsa chidziwitso chogwirizana. Miyezo ya ASTM imapangidwa ndi makomiti aukadaulo ndikulembedwa ndi magulu ogwira ntchito wamba. Ngakhale kuti miyezo ya ASTM ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi magulu osavomerezeka a maphunziro. Pakadali pano, miyezo ya ASTM imagawidwa m'magulu 15 (Magawo) ndipo imafalitsidwa m'mavoliyumu (Voliyumu). Magulu ndi mavoliyumu wamba ndi awa: Magulu:
(1) Zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo
(2) Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo
(3) Njira zoyesera ndi njira zowunikira zinthu zachitsulo
(4) Zipangizo zomangira
(5) Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta, mafuta odzola ndi mafuta a mchere
(6) Utoto, zophimba zokhudzana nazo ndi zinthu zonunkhira
(7) Nsalu ndi zipangizo
(8) pulasitiki
(9) Rabala
(10) Zotetezera magetsi ndi zinthu zamagetsi
(11) Ukadaulo wa Madzi ndi Zachilengedwe
(12) Mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu ya dzuwa
(13) Zipangizo zachipatala ndi ntchito zake
(14) Kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi njira zoyesera zambiri
(15) Zinthu zonse zamakampani, mankhwala apadera ndi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito
ANSI: Bungwe la American National Standards Institute ndi gulu losapanga phindu losagwirizana ndi boma lokhazikitsa miyezo. Koma kwenikweni lakhala likulu la dziko lonse lokhazikitsa miyezo;
ANSI yokha siimapanga miyezo kawirikawiri. Kukonzekera muyezo wake wa ANSI kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu izi:
1. Magulu oyenerera ali ndi udindo wolemba, kuitana akatswiri kapena magulu a akatswiri kuti avote, ndikupereka zotsatira zake ku msonkhano wowunikira womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi ANSI kuti uunikenso ndikuvomerezedwa. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuvota.
2. Oimira makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI ndi makomiti okonzedwa ndi mabungwe ena amalemba zolemba zokhazikika, zovoteredwa ndi mamembala onse a komiti, ndipo pomaliza amawunikidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi komiti yowunikira yokhazikika. Njira iyi imatchedwa njira ya komiti.
3. Kuchokera ku miyezo yopangidwa ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana aukadaulo, omwe ndi okhwima komanso ofunika kwambiri mdziko muno amakwezedwa ku miyezo yadziko lonse (ANSI) atawunikidwanso ndi makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI ndikutchulidwa kuti ma code standard a ANSI ndi nambala yogawa, koma nthawi yomweyo amasunga code yoyambirira yaukadaulo.
Miyezo yambiri ya American National Standards Institute imachokera ku miyezo yaukadaulo. Kumbali ina, mabungwe osiyanasiyana aukadaulo ndi mabungwe amathanso kupanga miyezo ina yazinthu kutengera miyezo yadziko yomwe ilipo. Zachidziwikire, muthanso kupanga miyezo yanu ya mgwirizano osati motsatira miyezo yadziko. Miyezo ya ANSI ndi yodzipereka. United States imakhulupirira kuti miyezo yovomerezeka ingachepetse phindu la zokolola. Komabe, miyezo yomwe yatchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi yopangidwa ndi madipatimenti aboma nthawi zambiri imakhala miyezo yovomerezeka.
ASME: Amagwira ntchito makamaka pakukula kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo mu uinjiniya wamakina ndi magawo ena ofanana, kulimbikitsa kafukufuku woyambira, kulimbikitsa kusinthana kwamaphunziro, kupanga mgwirizano ndi mainjiniya ena ndi mabungwe, kuchita zochitika zokhazikika, ndikupanga zofunikira ndi miyezo yamakina. Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ASME yatsogolera chitukuko cha miyezo yamakina, ndipo yapanga miyezo yoposa 600 kuyambira muyezo woyambirira wa ulusi mpaka pano. Mu 1911, Komiti Yowongolera Makina a Boiler inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo Directive ya Makina idalengezedwa kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1915. Pambuyo pake, malangizowa adaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi Canada. ASME yakhala bungwe la uinjiniya padziko lonse lapansi makamaka m'magawo aukadaulo, maphunziro ndi kafukufuku.
API: Ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa muyezo lodziwika ndi ANSI. Dongosolo lake lokhazikika limatsatira malangizo a ANSI ogwirizanitsa ndi kukonza. API imapanganso pamodzi ndikufalitsa miyezo ndi ASTM. Miyezo ya API imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, osati kokha ndi mabizinesi ku China, komanso ndi malamulo aboma ndi aboma ku United States. Malamulo ndi mabungwe aboma monga Dipatimenti Yoyendetsa, Dipatimenti Yoteteza, Chitetezo cha Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, ndi zina zotero, ndipo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndi ISO, International Organization for Legal Metrology ndi miyezo yoposa 100 yadziko lonse yotchulidwa. API: Miyezo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, osati kokha ndi mabizinesi ku China, komanso yotchulidwa ndi malamulo aboma ndi aboma aku US, komanso mabungwe aboma monga Dipatimenti Yoyendetsa, Dipatimenti Yoteteza, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, ndi US Geological Survey. Ndipo yatchulidwanso ndi ISO, International Organisation of Legal Metrology ndi miyezo yoposa 100 yadziko lonse lapansi.
Kusiyana ndi Kulumikizana：Miyezo inayi iyi imagwirizana ndipo imaphunzitsana. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo yomwe ASME idagwiritsa ntchito pankhani ya zipangizo zonse imachokera ku ASTM, miyezo yomwe ili pa ma valve nthawi zambiri imatanthauza API, ndipo miyezo yomwe ili pa zolumikizira mapaipi imachokera ku ANSI. Kusiyana kuli pa cholinga chosiyana cha makampaniwa, kotero miyezo yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yosiyana. API, ASTM, ndi ASME onse ndi mamembala a ANSI. Miyezo yambiri ya American National Standards Institute imachokera ku miyezo yaukadaulo. Kumbali ina, mabungwe osiyanasiyana aukadaulo ndi mabungwe amathanso kupanga miyezo ina yazinthu kutengera miyezo yomwe ilipo yadziko. Zachidziwikire, mutha kupanganso miyezo yanu ya mgwirizano osati motsatira miyezo yadziko. ASME sichita ntchito inayake, ndipo pafupifupi mayeso onse ndi ntchito zopangira zimamalizidwa ndi ANSI ndi ASTM. ASME imangozindikira zofunikira zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti manambala obwerezabwereza ndi omwe ali ndi zomwezo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Mar-27-2023