Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri)ndi chidule cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosagwira asidi, ndipo mitundu yachitsulo yomwe imalimbana ndi zinthu zofooka monga mpweya, nthunzi, madzi, kapena zomwe zili ndi zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri imatchedwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Teremuyo "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri"Sikutanthauza mtundu umodzi wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, koma ikutanthauza mitundu yoposa zana ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha mafakitale, chilichonse chomwe chili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino m'munda wake wogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zonse zili ndi 17 mpaka 22% ya chromium, ndipo zitsulo zabwino zimakhalanso ndi nickel. Kuwonjezera molybdenum kungathandize kwambiri kuti dzimbiri likhale mumlengalenga, makamaka kukana dzimbiri mumlengalenga wokhala ndi chloride.
一. Kugawa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
1. Kodi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chosagwira asidi n'chiyani?
Yankho: Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chidule cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosagwira asidi, chomwe chimalimbana ndi zinthu zofooka monga mpweya, nthunzi, madzi, kapena chokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Mitundu ya chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri imatchedwa zitsulo zosagwirizana ndi asidi.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zinthu ziwirizi, kukana kwawo dzimbiri kumakhala kosiyana. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chamba nthawi zambiri sichimalimbana ndi dzimbiri la mankhwala, pomwe chitsulo chosapanga asidi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosapanga dzimbiri.
2. Kodi mungagawa bwanji chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri?
Yankho: Malinga ndi momwe bungwe lilili, lingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: chitsulo cha martensitic, chitsulo cha ferritic, chitsulo cha austenitic, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic-ferritic (duplex) ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cholimba cha precipitation.
(1) Chitsulo cha Martensitic: champhamvu kwambiri, koma chosalimba komanso chosatha kusungunula.
Mitundu ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 1Cr13, 3Cr13, ndi zina zotero, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kaboni, chili ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuuma komanso kukana kuwonongeka, koma kukana dzimbiri ndi kochepa pang'ono, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina apamwamba komanso kukana dzimbiri. Zigawo zina zofunika, monga masika, masamba a turbine ya nthunzi, ma valve osindikizira a hydraulic, ndi zina zotero.
Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pozimitsa ndi kutenthetsa, ndipo kuphimba kumafunika pambuyo popangira ndi kuponda.
(2) Chitsulo cha Ferritic: 15% mpaka 30% ya chromium. Kukana kwake dzimbiri, kulimba kwake, ndi kusinthasintha kwake kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa chromium, ndipo kukana kwake ku chloride stress dzimbiri kuli bwino kuposa mitundu ina ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, monga Crl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28, ndi zina zotero.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chromium, kukana dzimbiri ndi okosijeni ndikwabwino, koma mphamvu zake zamakaniko ndi mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito ndizochepa. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zosagwirizana ndi asidi zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso ngati chitsulo chotsutsana ndi okosijeni.
Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimatha kupirira dzimbiri la mlengalenga, nitric acid ndi mchere, ndipo chili ndi makhalidwe abwino monga kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kukulitsa kutentha pang'ono. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nitric acid ndi zida za fakitale ya chakudya, ndipo chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri, monga zida za turbine ya gasi, ndi zina zotero.
(3) Chitsulo cha Austenitic: Chili ndi chromium yoposa 18%, komanso chili ndi nickel pafupifupi 8% ndi molybdenum yochepa, titaniyamu, nayitrogeni ndi zinthu zina. Chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, sichingawonongeke ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Kawirikawiri, njira yothetsera vutoli imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, chitsulocho chimatenthedwa kufika pa 1050-1150 ° C, kenako chimaziziritsidwa ndi madzi kapena mpweya kuti chikhale ndi kapangidwe ka austenite kamodzi.
(4) Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic-ferritic (duplex): Chili ndi ubwino wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic ndi ferritic, ndipo chili ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka. Austenite ndi ferrite chilichonse chimakhala pafupifupi theka la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Ngati C ili yochepa, Cr imakhala 18% mpaka 28%, ndipo Ni imakhala 3% mpaka 10%. Zitsulo zina zimakhalanso ndi zinthu zosakaniza monga Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti, ndi N.
Chitsulo chamtunduwu chili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic ndi ferritic. Poyerekeza ndi ferrite, chili ndi pulasitiki komanso kulimba kwambiri, sichimafooka kutentha kwa chipinda, chimatha kukana dzimbiri komanso kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso chimasunga chitsulo. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha thupi chimakhala chofooka pa 475°C, chimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, komanso chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a superplasticity.
Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic, chili ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso chimalimbana bwino ndi dzimbiri la intergranular ndi chloride stress corrosion. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex chili ndi dzimbiri labwino kwambiri ndipo ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosunga nickel.
(5) Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cholimbitsa mvula: matrix ndi austenite kapena martensite, ndipo magulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cholimbitsa mvula ndi 04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al ndi zina zotero. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chingaumitsidwe (kulimbitsa) mwa kuuma kwa mvula (komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kuuma kwa ukalamba).
Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, imagawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium-nickel ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium manganese nayitrogeni.
(1) Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Chromium chili ndi kukana dzimbiri (oxidizing acid, organic acid, cavitation), kukana kutentha ndi kutha, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zamagetsi, mankhwala, ndi mafuta. Komabe, kusunthika kwake ndi kochepa, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa ku njira yowotcherera ndi momwe kutentha kumakhalira.
(2) Pa nthawi yowotcherera, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium-nickel chimatenthedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti ma carbide ayambe kupangika, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana dzimbiri komanso mphamvu zamakina.
(3) Mphamvu, kulimba, kulimba, kupangika, kuwotcherera, kukana kuwonongeka ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium-manganese ndi zabwino.
Mavuto ovuta pakuwotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi zida
1. N’chifukwa chiyani kuwotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumakhala kovuta?
Yankho: (1) Kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumakhala kolimba, ndipo nthawi yokhalamo kutentha kwa 450-850 ° C ndi yayitali pang'ono, ndipo kukana dzimbiri kwa weld ndi kutentha kudzachepa kwambiri;
(2) kutentha kwambiri;
(3) Chitetezo chofooka komanso kutentha kwambiri;
(4) Coefficient yokulirapo yolunjika ndi yayikulu, ndipo n'zosavuta kupanga kusintha kwakukulu kwa welding.
2. Ndi njira ziti zogwira mtima zaukadaulo zomwe zingatengedwe powotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic?
Yankho: (1) Sankhani mosamala zipangizo zowotcherera malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo choyambira;
(2) Kuwotcherera mwachangu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono, yaing'ono kumachepetsa kutentha komwe kumalowa;
(3) Waya wowongoka wowongoka, ndodo yowongolerera, yopanda kugwedezeka, wowongolerera wa multi-layer multi-pass;
(4) Kuziziritsa mokakamiza kwa msoko wothira weld ndi malo omwe kutentha kumakhudza kuti achepetse nthawi yokhalamo pa 450-850°C;
(5) Chitetezo cha Argon kumbuyo kwa TIG weld;
(6) Zosefera zomwe zakhudzana ndi chosungira chowononga zimasefera pomaliza;
(7) Chithandizo cha kusunthika kwa msoko wothira ndi malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha.
3. N’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kusankha waya wowotcherera wa 25-13 series ndi electrode yowotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic, chitsulo cha carbon ndi chitsulo chopanda alloy (kuwotcherera chitsulo chosiyana)?
Yankho: Kulukira zitsulo zosiyana zolukira zitsulo zolumikizira zitsulo zolukira ...
Ngati zinthu zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kapangidwe ka martensitic ndi ming'alu yozizira zidzawonekera pa mzere wosakanikirana mbali ya chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chopanda aloyi.
4. N’chifukwa chiyani mawaya olimba osapanga dzimbiri olumikizira zitsulo amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya woteteza wa 98%Ar+2%O2?
Yankho: Pakuwotcherera waya wolimba wosapanga dzimbiri wa MIG, ngati mpweya woyera wa argon ukugwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza, mphamvu ya pamwamba pa dziwe losungunuka imakhala yayikulu, ndipo weld imapangidwa molakwika, zomwe zimasonyeza mawonekedwe a weld ya "humpback". Kuwonjezera mpweya wa 1 mpaka 2% kungachepetse mphamvu ya pamwamba pa dziwe losungunuka, ndipo msoko wa weld umakhala wosalala komanso wokongola.
5. N’chifukwa chiyani pamwamba pa waya wolimba wosapanga dzimbiri wowotcherera wa MIG umasanduka wakuda? Kodi vutoli tingalithetse bwanji?
Yankho: Liwiro la MIG lolowetsa waya wolimba wosapanga dzimbiri ndi lachangu (30-60cm/min). Pamene mpweya woteteza wapita ku dziwe losungunuka kutsogolo, msoko wa weld umakhalabe mu mkhalidwe wotentha kwambiri, womwe umasungunuka mosavuta ndi mpweya, ndipo ma oxide amapangidwa pamwamba. Ma weld ndi akuda. Njira yothira pickling passivation imatha kuchotsa khungu lakuda ndikubwezeretsa mtundu woyambirira wa pamwamba pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
6. N’chifukwa chiyani waya wolimba wosapanga dzimbiri wowotcherera umafunika kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyendetsedwa kuti ugwire ntchito yowotcherera popanda kuwononga madzi?
Yankho: Pamene waya wolimba wosapanga dzimbiri wa MIG ukugwiritsidwa ntchito, waya wowotcherera wa φ1.2, pamene wamakono wa I ≥ 260 ~ 280A, kusintha kwa jet kumatha kuchitika; dontho la dontho ndi kusintha kwafupipafupi ndi mtengo wochepera uwu, ndipo kufalikira kwake ndi kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri sikuvomerezeka.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya MIG yokhala ndi pulse yokha, madontho a pulse amatha kusintha kuchoka pa zinthu zazing'ono kupita ku zinthu zazikulu (sankhani mtengo wocheperako kapena wapamwamba kwambiri malinga ndi kukula kwa waya), kulowetsa popanda kufalitsa.
7. N’chifukwa chiyani waya wowotcherera wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri wopangidwa ndi flux-core umatetezedwa ndi mpweya wa CO2 m’malo mwa magetsi oyendetsedwa ndi pulsed?
Yankho: Pakadali pano waya wowotcherera wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri wopangidwa ndi flux-core (monga 308, 309, ndi zina zotero), njira yowotcherera ya flux mu waya wowotcherera imapangidwa molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi zitsulo zowotcherera pansi pa chitetezo cha mpweya wa CO2, kotero kawirikawiri, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yowotcherera ya arc (magetsi okhala ndi pulse amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wosakanikirana), ngati mukufuna kulowa mu kusintha kwa madontho pasadakhale, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu yowotcherera ya pulse kapena chitsanzo chowotcherera cha mpweya chotetezedwa ndi mpweya wosakanikirana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-24-2023