Chitsulo chomangidwandi zipangizo zomangira zokhazikika zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo zimapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafakitale (kapena "ma profiles"). Mitundu ya zitsulo zomangira imapangidwa ndi mankhwala enaake komanso zinthu zinazake zomwe zimapangidwira ntchito zinazake.
Ku Ulaya, chitsulo chomangira chiyenera kutsatira muyezo wa ku UlayaEN 10025, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization (ECISS), gulu laling'ono la European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
Pali zitsanzo zambiri za mitundu ya zitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ku Ulaya, monga S195, S235, S275, S355, S420 ndi S460. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za kapangidwe ka mankhwala, makhalidwe a makina ndi momwe S235, S275 ndi S355 zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, mitundu itatu ya zitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana omanga ku European Union.
Malinga ndi gulu la Eurocode, zitsulo zomangira ziyenera kulembedwa ndi zizindikiro zokhazikika kuphatikizapo koma osati zokhazo za S, 235, J2, K2, C, Z, W, JR ndi JO, komwe:
Kutengera njira yopangira, kapangidwe ka mankhwala, ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, zilembo zina ndi magulu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira mtundu winawake wa chitsulo kapena chinthu.
Gulu la EU si muyezo wapadziko lonse lapansi, kotero magulu ambiri oyenerera omwe ali ndi mankhwala ndi makina ofanana angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera ena a dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chopangidwa pamsika wa US chiyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Ma code apadziko lonse lapansi amayamba ndi "A" kutsatiridwa ndi kalasi yoyenera, monga A36 kapenaA53.
M'mayiko ambiri, chitsulo chomangira chimayendetsedwa bwino ndipo chiyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yochepa ya mawonekedwe, kukula, kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mphamvu.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo chomangira ndi kofunikira kwambiri ndipo kamayang'aniridwa bwino. Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe chitsulo chimagwirira ntchito. Mu tebulo ili m'munsimu mutha kuwona kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zina zosinthika zomwe zilipo mu European structural steel grades S235,S275ndi S355.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo chomangira ndi kofunikira kwambiri ndipo kamayendetsedwa bwino. Ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe chitsulo chimagwirira ntchito. Mu tebulo ili m'munsimu mutha kuwona kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zina zomangidwira mu magiredi achitsulo chomangira ku Europe S235, S275 ndi S355.
Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo chomangira ndi kofunikira kwambiri kwa mainjiniya ndipo kamasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wake kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, S355K2W ndi chitsulo chomangira cholimba, chotchedwa K2, chokhala ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala kopangidwa kuti chitetezeke kwambiri ndi nyengo - W. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka chitsulo chomangira ichi kamasiyana pang'ono ndi muyezo.Giredi ya S355.
Kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi kapangidwe kake kamene kamathandiza kuti chigawidwe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Ngakhale kuti kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira kapangidwe ka chitsulo, ndikofunikiranso kudziwa zofunikira zochepa za kapangidwe ka chitsulo kapena magwiridwe antchito ake, monga mphamvu yopangira ndi mphamvu yokoka, monga momwe tafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
Mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka chitsulo imayesa mphamvu yochepa yofunikira kuti pakhale kusintha kosatha kwa chitsulocho. Njira yotchulira mayina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu muyezo wa ku Europe wa EN10025 imatanthauza mphamvu yochepa ya chitsulo chomwe chimayesedwa pa makulidwe a 16 mm.
Mphamvu yokoka ya chitsulo chomangira imagwirizana ndi malo omwe kusintha kosatha kumachitika pamene chinthucho chatambasulidwa kapena kutambasulidwa mopingasa m'litali mwake.
Chitsulo chomangira chimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri chimagulitsidwa chisanapangidwe mawonekedwe enaake opangidwira ntchito inayake. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chomangira chimagulitsidwa ngati ma I-beams, Z-beams, box lintels, hollow structural sections (HSS), L-beams, ndi steel plates ndizofala.
Kutengera ndi momwe akufunira kugwiritsa ntchito, mainjiniya amatchula mtundu wa chitsulo—nthawi zambiri kuti chikwaniritse mphamvu zochepa, kulemera kwakukulu, ndi zofunikira za nyengo—komanso mawonekedwe a gawo—poyerekeza ndi malo ofunikira komanso katundu kapena katundu woyembekezeredwa.
Chitsulo chomangira chimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, ndipo ntchito zake zimasiyanasiyana. Ndi zothandiza kwambiri chifukwa zimapereka kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa kusungunula bwino komanso mphamvu yotsimikizika. Chitsulo chomangira ndi chinthu chosinthika kwambiri chomwe mainjiniya omwe akufuna kulimbitsa kwambiri kapena zomangira zooneka ngati S pomwe akuchepetsa kulemera kwake.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-13-2023