ASTM A334Giredi 1ndi chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko komanso cholumikizidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha kochepa.
Ili ndi mpweya wokwanira wa 0.30%, manganese wokwanira wa 0.40-1.60%, mphamvu yocheperako yogwira ntchito ya 380Mpa (55ksi), ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ya 205Mpa (30ksi).
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ponyamula madzi m'malo otentha pang'ono, zida zoziziritsira, ndi ntchito zina zamafakitale zomwe zimafuna kukana kutentha pang'ono.
ASTM A334 ili ndi mitundu ingapo yogwiritsira ntchito malo osiyanasiyana otentha kwambiri, monga:Giredi 1, Giredi 3, Giredi 6, Giredi 7, Giredi 8, Giredi 9, ndi Giredi 11.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya chitsulo, chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo cha alloy.
Giredi 1ndiGiredi 6zonse ndi zitsulo za kaboni.
Zitha kupangidwa ndinjira zopanda msoko kapena zolumikizidwa.
Pakupanga machubu achitsulo opanda msoko, pali njira ziwiri zopangira,Yomalizidwa ndi kutentha kapena yozizira.
Kusankha kumadalira makamaka pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chitoliro, kukula kwa chitolirocho, ndi zofunikira zenizeni za kapangidwe kake.
Pansipa pali chithunzi cha njira yopangira zinthu zotentha komanso zopanda msoko.
Thekumaliza kotenthaNjira yolumikizira mapaipi osasokonekera imaphatikizapo kutentha kwa billet yachitsulo mpaka kutentha kwambiri kenako ndikupanga chitolirocho pochizunguliza kapena kuchitulutsa. Njirayi imachitika kutentha kwambiri ndipo imathandizira kukonza kapangidwe kake ka zinthuzo, motero zimawonjezera kulimba kwake konse komanso kufanana kwake.
Njira yomaliza yotentha ndi yoyenera kwambiri popanga machubu akuluakulu komanso okhala ndi makoma okhuthala, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi onyamula katundu wambiri komanso ntchito zomangira, ndipo ndi yoyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika.
Yokokedwa ndi oziziraMachubu achitsulo osapindika amakonzedwa potambasula zinthuzo zitaziziritsidwa bwino kuti zifike pa kukula ndi mawonekedwe oyenera. Njirayi imawongolera kwambiri kulondola kwa mawonekedwe ndi kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba pa chinthucho, pomwe mphamvu yozizira yolimbikitsira ntchito imawonjezeranso mphamvu zamakaniko a chubucho, monga mphamvu ndi kukana kuwonongeka.
Njira yojambula yozizira ndi yoyenera kwambiri popanga machubu okhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono komanso makulidwe a khoma lopyapyala komwe kumafunika kulondola kwambiri komanso khalidwe labwino kwambiri la pamwamba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo monga makina a hydraulic, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zida zamagetsi kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zapadera zogwira ntchito bwino, ngakhale pamtengo wokwera.
Sinthani kutentha mwa kutentha kofanana kwa osachepera 1550 °F [845 °C] ndikuziziritsa mumlengalenga kapena m'chipinda choziziritsira cha ng'anjo yoyendetsedwa ndi mlengalenga.
Ngati kutenthetsa kukufunika, kuyenera kukambidwanso.
Pa machubu achitsulo opanda msoko omwe ali pamwambapa okha:
Tenthetsani ndikuwongolera kutentha kwa ntchito yotenthetsera ndi kutentha kwa ntchito yotenthetsera mpaka kutentha komaliza kuyambira 1550 - 1750 °F [845 - 955℃] ndikuziziritsa mu uvuni wolamulidwa kuchokera kutentha koyambirira kosachepera 1550 °F [845 °C].
Kemikali ya Giredi 1 idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi mphamvu, kuuma, ndi kulimba kwa kutentha kochepa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo otentha pang'ono.
| Giredi | C(Kaboni) | Mn(Manganese) | P(Phosphorus) | S(Sulfure) |
| Giredi 1 | 0.30% yokwanira | 0.40-1.06% | pazipita 0.025% | pazipita 0.025% |
| Pa kuchepetsa kulikonse kwa 0.01% kaboni pansi pa 0.30%, kuwonjezeka kwa 0.05% manganese pamwamba pa 1.06% kudzaloledwa kufika pa 1.35% manganese. | ||||
Mpweya wa kaboni ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa chitsulo, koma pakugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochepa, kuchuluka kwa kaboni m'zinthuzo kungachepetse kulimba kwa chinthucho.
Giredi 1, yokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira wa 0.30%, imagawidwa ngati chitsulo chopanda mpweya wochepa ndipo imayendetsedwa pamlingo wotsika kuti iwonjezere kulimba kwake kotsika kutentha.
Mawerengedwe a kutalika kocheperako kwa 1/32 inchi [0.80 mm] kutsika kulikonse kwa makulidwe a khoma.
Kuyesa kwa mphamvu pa mapaipi achitsulo a Giredi 1 kukuchitikapa -45°C [-50°F], yomwe idapangidwa kuti itsimikizire kulimba ndi kukana kwa zinthuzo kukhudzana ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri. Kuyesaku kumachitika posankha mphamvu yoyenera yokhudzana ndi kukhudzana ndi khoma la chitoliro chachitsulo.
Zitsanzo za impact za Notched-bar ziyenera kukhala za simple beam, Charpy-type, malinga ndi Test Methods E23. Mtundu A, wokhala ndi V notch.
Njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino zoyezera kuuma ndi mayeso a Rockwell ndi Brinell.
| Giredi | Rockwell | Brinell |
| ASTM A334 Giredi 1 | B 85 | 163 |
Chitoliro chilichonse chiyenera kuyesedwa popanda kuwononga magetsi kapena madzi motsatira STM A1016/A1016M. Pokhapokha ngati patchulidwa mwanjira ina mu dongosolo logulira, mtundu wa mayeso omwe agwiritsidwe ntchito uyenera kukhala wosankhidwa ndi wopanga.
Kuwonjezera pa zizindikiro zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Specification A1016/A1016M, zizindikirozo ziyenera kuphatikizapo zomalizidwa ndi kutentha, zokokedwa ozizira, zopanda msoko, kapena zolumikizidwa, ndi zilembo "LT" zotsatiridwa ndi kutentha komwe mayeso a kukhudzidwa adachitikira.
Ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chomalizidwa sichili chokwanira kuti chipeze chitsanzo chaching'ono cha kugwedezeka, chizindikirocho sichiyenera kuphatikizapo zilembo LT ndi kutentha kwa mayeso komwe kwasonyezedwa.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana omwe amafuna ntchito yotsika kutentha.
Kutumiza madzi a CryogenicChitoliro chachitsulo cha Giredi 1 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunyamula madzi oundana monga gasi wachilengedwe wosungunuka (LNG), gasi wa petroleum wosungunuka (LPG), ndi mankhwala ena oundana. Madzi amenewa nthawi zambiri amafunika kunyamulidwa mosamala kutentha komwe kuli pansi pa malo ozungulira, ndipo chitoliro chachitsulo cha Giredi 1 chimasunga mawonekedwe ake enieni komanso kapangidwe kake pa kutentha kochepa kumeneku.
Makina ndi zida zoziziritsira: Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika mapaipi operekera zinthu zoziziritsira m'makina awa.
Zosinthira kutentha ndi zoziziritsa kutentha: Zosinthira kutentha ndi zoziziritsira kutentha ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'magawo a mafakitale ndi mphamvu, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo a Giredi 1 ngati zinthu zomangira. Zipangizozi zimafuna zipangizo zomwe zimasunga mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri pa kutentha kochepa kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malo osungiramo zinthu zozizira komanso malo oziziritsira: Mu malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira komanso malo ena oziziritsira, mapaipi ayenera kusinthidwa kuti azitha kutentha kwambiri. Chitoliro chachitsulo cha kalasi 1 chingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapaipi m'malo awa chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupitiriza kugwira ntchito m'malo ozizira popanda kulephera.
1. EN 10216-4: P215NL, P255QL;
2. DIN 17173:TTSt35N;
3. JIS G3460:STPL 380;
4. GB/T 18984: 09Mn2V.
Miyezo ndi magiredi awa adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi zinthu zofanana kapena zofanana ndi ASTM A334 Giredi 1, poganizira zinthu zotentha pang'ono ndi zinthu zina zoyenera kuchita.
Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2014, Botop Steel yakhala kampani yotsogola yogulitsa mapaipi achitsulo cha kaboni kumpoto kwa China, yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha ntchito zabwino kwambiri, zinthu zapamwamba, komanso mayankho omveka bwino. Kampaniyo imapereka mapaipi osiyanasiyana achitsulo cha kaboni ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo, kuphatikizapo mapaipi achitsulo opanda msoko, ERW, LSAW, ndi SSAW, komanso mndandanda wathunthu wa zolumikizira mapaipi ndi ma flange.
Zogulitsa zake zapadera zimaphatikizaponso zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zopangidwa ndi austenitic, zopangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana a mapaipi.
