Machubu achitsulo a ASTM A214 ndi machubu achitsulo cha kaboni otetezedwa ndi magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zosinthira kutentha, zokondetsa, ndi zida zina zofananira zosamutsira kutentha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa machubu achitsulo okhala ndi mainchesi akunja osapitirira 76.2mm.
Makulidwe a chitoliro chachitsulo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchitoosapitirira mainchesi 3 [76.2mm].
Masayizi ena a chitoliro chachitsulo cha ERW angaperekedwe, bola chitoliro chotere chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zina zonse za izi.
Zipangizo zomwe zaperekedwa motsatira mfundo izi ziyenera kutsatira zofunikira za mtundu wa Specification A450/A450M womwe ulipo pano. pokhapokha ngati zaperekedwa mwanjira ina pano.
Machubu ayenera kupangidwa ndikuwotcherera kolimbana ndi magetsi (ERW).
Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika wopanga, kulondola kwakukulu, mphamvu yabwino komanso kulimba, komanso kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe, chitoliro chachitsulo cha ERW chakhala chinthu chomwe chimakonda kwambiri pamakina osiyanasiyana opangira mapaipi a mafakitale, uinjiniya wamapangidwe, ndi mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana a zomangamanga.
Pambuyo powotcherera, machubu onse ayenera kutenthedwa kutentha kwa 1650°F [900°] kapena kupitirira apo kenako kuziziritsidwa mumlengalenga kapena m'chipinda choziziritsira cha ng'anjo yolamulidwa.
Machubu okokedwa ndi ozizira ayenera kutenthedwa kutentha akadutsa kutentha komaliza kokokedwa ndi ozizira pa kutentha kwa 1200°F [650°C] kapena kupitirira apo.
| C(Kaboni) | Mn(Manganese) | P(Phosphorus) | S(Sulfure) |
| 0.18% yokwanira | 0.27-0.63 | pazipita 0.035% | pazipita 0.035% |
Sikololedwa kupereka mitundu ya chitsulo cha alloy chomwe chimafuna makamaka kuwonjezera chinthu china chilichonse kupatula chomwe chalembedwa.
Zofunikira pa makina sizikugwira ntchito pa mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi osakwana 0.126 mkati [3.2 mm] kapena makulidwe osakwana 0.015 mu [0.4 mm].
Katundu Wolimba
Palibe zofunikira zenizeni za katundu womangika mu ASTM A214.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa ASTM A214 imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zosinthira kutentha ndi zoziziritsira kutentha. Kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zipangizozi nthawi zambiri sizimaika mphamvu zambiri pa chubu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chisamaliro chachikulu chimaperekedwa ku luso la chubucho lopirira kupanikizika, mphamvu zake zosamutsira kutentha, komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Mayeso Ophwanyika
Pa chitoliro cholumikizidwa, kutalika kwa gawo loyesera lofunikira sikochepera mainchesi 4 (100 mm).
Kuyeseraku kunachitika m'magawo awiri:
Gawo loyamba ndi mayeso a ductility, pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitsulo chamkati kapena chakunja, sipadzakhala ming'alu kapena kusweka mpaka mtunda pakati pa mbale uli wochepera mtengo wa H wowerengedwa motsatira njira yotsatirayi.
H=(1+e)t/(e+t/D)
H= mtunda pakati pa mbale zopyapyala, mu. [mm],
t= makulidwe a khoma la chubu, mu.[mm],
D= m'mimba mwake wakunja kwa chubu, mu. [mm],
e= 0.09 (kusintha kwa unit)(0.09 ya chitsulo chopanda mpweya wokwanira (carbon yodziwika bwino ndi 0.18% kapena kuchepera)).
Gawo lachiwiri ndi kuyesa umphumphu, yomwe iyenera kupendekeka mpaka chitsanzocho chitasweka kapena makoma a mapaipi atakumana. Mu mayeso onse opendekeka, ngati zinthu zopachikidwa kapena zosagwira bwino zapezeka, kapena ngati cholumikiziracho sichinamalizidwe, chidzakanidwa.
Mayeso a Flange
Gawo la chitoliro liyenera kukhala lokhoza kulumikizidwa pamalo olunjika ku thupi la chitoliro popanda kusweka kapena zolakwika zomwe zingakanidwe malinga ndi zomwe zili mu malangizo a chinthucho.
M'lifupi mwa flange ya zitsulo za kaboni ndi alloy sizikhala zochepera maperesenti.
| M'mimba mwake wakunja | M'lifupi mwa Flange |
| Kufikira 2½ in [63.5mm], kuphatikiza | 15% ya OD |
| Kupitirira 2½ mpaka 3¾ [63.5 mpaka 95.2], kuphatikiza | 12.5% ya OD |
| Kupitilira 3¾ mpaka 8 [95.2 mpaka 203.2], kuphatikiza | 15% ya OD |
Mayeso Osinthira Ozungulira
Chitoliro chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha mainchesi 100 m'litali mwake cha mainchesi 5 (100 mm) m'lifupi mwake mpaka ½ inchi (12.7 mm) m'lifupi mwake chakunja chiyenera kugawidwa motalikirana 90° mbali zonse za chopangidwa ndi chitsulocho ndipo chitsanzocho chitsegulidwe ndikuphwanyidwa ndi chopangidwa ndi chitsulocho pamalo opindika kwambiri.
Sipadzakhala umboni wa ming'alu yomwe siilowa kapena kusakanikirana chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa flash mu weld.
Mayeso a Kuuma
Kuuma kwa chubu sikuyenera kupitirira72 HRBW.
Pa machubu a 0.200 mu [5.1 mm] ndi kupitirira mu makulidwe a khoma, mayeso a kuuma kwa Brinell kapena Rockwell ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuyesa kwamagetsi kopanda mphamvu kapena kosawononga kumachitika pa chitoliro chilichonse chachitsulo.
Mayeso a Hydrostatic
Themtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kupanikizikaziyenera kusungidwa kwa masekondi osachepera 5 popanda kutayikira.
Kupanikizika kochepa kwambiri kwa hydrostatic test kumakhudzana ndi m'mimba mwake wakunja ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro. Kutha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fomula.
Ma Inch-Paundi Units: P = 32000 t/DorMayunitsi a SI: P = 220.6 t/D
P= kuthamanga kwa mayeso a hydrostatic, psi kapena MPa,
t= makulidwe a khoma otchulidwa, mkati kapena mm,
D= m'mimba mwake wakunja, mkati kapena mm.
Kupanikizika kwakukulu koyesera, kuti atsatire zofunikira zomwe zili pansipa.
| Chipinda chakunja cha chubu | Kuthamanga kwa Mayeso a Hydrostatic, psi [MPa] | |
| OD ＜1 mu | OD ＜25.4 mm | 1000 [7] |
| 1≤ OD ＜1½ mu | 25.4≤ OD ＜38.1 mm | 1500 [10] |
| 1½≤ OD ＜2 mu | 38.≤ OD ＜50.8 mm | 2000 [14] |
| 2≤ OD ＜3 mu | 50.8≤ OD ＜76.2 mm | 2500 [17] |
| 3≤ OD ＜5 mkati | 76.2≤ OD ＜127 mm | 3500 [24] |
| OD ≥5 inchi | OD ≥127 mm | 4500 [31] |
Mayeso Amagetsi Osawononga
Chubu chilichonse chiyenera kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zosawononga motsatira Specification E213, Specification E309 (zipangizo za ferromagnetic), Specification E426 (zipangizo zopanda maginito), kapena Specification E570.
Deta yotsatirayi yachokera ku ASTM A450 ndipo ikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa chitoliro chachitsulo cholumikizidwa chokha.
Kupatuka kwa Kulemera
0 - +10%, palibe kupotoka pansi.
Kulemera kwa chitoliro chachitsulo kungawerengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito fomula.
W = C(Dt)t
W= kulemera, Ib/ft [kg/m],
C= 10.69 ya mayunitsi a inchi [0.0246615 ya mayunitsi a SI],
D= m'mimba mwake wakunja wotchulidwa, mkati [mm],
t= makulidwe ocheperako a khoma omwe atchulidwa, mu. [mm].
Kupatuka kwa Makulidwe a Khoma
0 - +18%.
Kusiyana kwa makulidwe a khoma la gawo lililonse la chitoliro chachitsulo cha 0.220 mu [5.6 mm] ndi kupitirira apo sikuyenera kupitirira ±5% ya makulidwe enieni a khoma la gawolo.
Kukhuthala kwa khoma lapakati ndi avareji ya makulidwe a khoma okhuthala komanso owonda kwambiri m'gawoli.
Kupatuka kwa M'mimba mwake wa Kunja
| M'mimba mwake wakunja | Zosiyanasiyana Zovomerezeka | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD ≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ± 0.1 |
| 1＜ OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜ OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ± 0.15 |
| 1½＜ OD ＜2 | 38.1＜ OD ＜50.8 | ±0.008 | ± 0.2 |
| 2≤ OD ＜2½ | 50.8≤ OD ＜63.5 | ±0.010 | ± 0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD ＜3 | 63.5≤ OD ＜76.2 | ± 0.012 | ± 0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ± 0.015 | ± 0.38 |
| 4＜ OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜ OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½＜ OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Mafuta omalizidwa sayenera kukhala ndi sikelo. Kuchuluka pang'ono kwa okosijeni sikuyenera kuonedwa ngati sikelo.
Chubu chilichonse chiyenera kulembedwa bwino ndi chizindikiro chadzina la wopanga kapena mtundu, nambala yofotokozera, ndi ERW.
Dzina kapena chizindikiro cha wopanga chikhoza kuyikidwa kosatha pa chubu chilichonse mwa kuchizunguliza kapena kuchisindikiza pang'ono chisanasinthe.
Ngati sitampu imodzi yaikidwa pa chubu ndi dzanja, chizindikirochi sichiyenera kuchepera mainchesi 200 kuchokera kumapeto kwa chubu.
Kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjikaKutha kupirira kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjika ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu makina osinthira kutentha.
Kutulutsa bwino kutentha: Zipangizo ndi njira zopangira chubu chachitsulo ichi zimatsimikizira kuti kutentha kumayendetsedwa bwino kwambiri kuti kugwiritsidwe ntchito kofunikira kusinthana kutentha bwino.
Kutha kupotokaUbwino wina ndi wakuti amatha kulumikizidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyika ndi kukonza zikhale zosavuta.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu zosinthira kutentha, zoziziritsa kutentha, ndi zida zina zofananira zotumizira kutentha.
1. Zosinthira kutentha: Mu njira zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale, zosinthira kutentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa mphamvu ya kutentha kuchokera ku madzi amodzi (madzi kapena mpweya) kupita ku ena popanda kuwalola kuti agwirizane mwachindunji. Machubu achitsulo a ASTM A214 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zipangizo zamtunduwu chifukwa amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjika komwe kungachitike panthawiyi.
2. Zoziziritsa mpweya: Ma condenser amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pochotsa kutentha mu njira zoziziritsira, mwachitsanzo mu makina oziziritsira ndi oziziritsira mpweya, kapena posintha nthunzi kukhala madzi m'malo opangira magetsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina awa chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kwabwino komanso mphamvu ya makina.
3. Zipangizo zosinthira kutentha: Mtundu uwu wa chubu chachitsulo umagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zida zina zosinthira kutentha monga zosinthira kutentha ndi zoziziritsira, monga zotulutsa mpweya ndi zoziziritsira.
ASTM A179: ndi chosinthira kutentha chachitsulo chofewa komanso chubu chokokedwa ndi condenser chopanda msoko. Nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu okhala ndi ntchito zofanana, monga zosinthira kutentha ndi zokokedwa. Ngakhale kuti A179 ndi yopanda msoko, imapereka zinthu zofanana zosinthira kutentha.
ASTM A178: Imaphimba machubu a boiler a carbon ndi carbon-manganese otetezedwa ndi kulimba. Machubu awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma boiler ndi ma superheater, ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito posinthana kutentha komwe kuli ndi zosowa zofanana, makamaka komwe ma welded stickers amafunika.
ASTM A192: imaphimba machubu a boiler a chitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Ngakhale machubu awa cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi komanso kutentha kwambiri, zipangizo zawo ndi njira zopangira zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zina zosamutsira kutentha zomwe zimafuna mphamvu yamagetsi komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Ndife opanga mapaipi achitsulo cha kaboni opangidwa ndi zitsulo komanso ogulitsa mapaipi apamwamba ochokera ku China, komanso ogulitsa mapaipi achitsulo osasokonekera, omwe amakupatsirani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zothetsera mapaipi achitsulo!
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri kapena kudziwa zambiri zokhudza zomwe timapereka, musazengereze kutilumikiza. Mayankho anu abwino a mapaipi achitsulo ndi uthenga basi!
