ASTM A178Machubu achitsulo ndi machubu amagetsi oteteza ku welded (ERW) achitsulo cha kaboni ndi kaboni-manganeseamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati machubu a boiler, ma boiler flue, ma superheater flue, ndi malekezero otetezera.
Ndi yoyenera machubu achitsulo okhala ndi mainchesi akunja a 12.7-127mm komanso makulidwe a khoma pakati pa 0.9-9.1mm.
Machubu a ASTM A178 ndi oyenera machubu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zolimba komanso zolimba.mainchesi akunja pakati pa 1/2 - 5 mu [12.7 - 127 mm] ndi makulidwe a makoma pakati pa 0.035 - 0.360 mu [0.9 - 9.1 mm], ngakhale kuti kukula kwina kulipo ngati pakufunika, bola ngati machubu awa akukwaniritsa zofunikira zina zonse za izi.
Pali mitundu itatu yogwiritsira ntchito polimbana ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito.
Giredi A, Giredi C, ndi Giredi D.
| Giredi | Mtundu wa Chitsulo cha Mpweya |
| Giredi A | Chitsulo Chopanda Mpweya Wochepa |
| Giredi C | Chitsulo cha Mpweya Wapakati |
| Giredi D | Chitsulo cha Carbon-Manganese |
Zipangizo zomwe zaperekedwa motsatira mfundo izi ziyenera kutsatira zofunikira za mtundu wa Specification A450/A450M womwe ulipo pano. pokhapokha ngati zaperekedwa mwanjira ina pano.
Giredi AndiGiredi CMusatchule chitsulo china chake; sankhani zinthu zopangira zoyenera ngati pakufunika.
Chitsulo chaGiredi Dadzaphedwa.
Chitsulo chophedwa chimapangidwa powonjezera ma deoxidizer (monga silicon, aluminiyamu, manganese, ndi zina zotero) ku chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yopanga chitsulo, motero kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa mpweya m'chitsulocho.
Chithandizochi chimawongolera kufanana ndi kukhazikika kwa chitsulocho, chimawonjezera mphamvu zake zamakaniko, komanso chimawonjezera kukana dzimbiri.
Chifukwa chake, zitsulo zophedwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo omwe pamafunika kufanana kwakukulu komanso makhalidwe abwino a makina, monga kupanga zotengera zopanikizika, ma boiler, ndi zigawo zazikulu za kapangidwe kake.
Machubu achitsulo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchitoERWnjira yopangira.
ERW (Kukana Magetsi Komwe Kumawotcherera)ndi njira yoyenera kwambiri popanga chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni.
Ndi ubwino wake wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zowotcherera, malo osalala amkati ndi akunja, liwiro lopanga mwachangu, komanso mtengo wotsika, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri amafakitale ndi zomangamanga.
ASTM A178chitoliro chachitsuloayenera kuchiritsidwa ndi kutenthapanthawi yopanga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mawonekedwe a makina ndi kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka chitoliro, komanso kuchotsa kupsinjika komwe kungakhalepo panthawi yolumikiza.
Pambuyo powotcherera, machubu onse ayenera kutenthedwa kutentha kwa 1650°F [900°C] kapena kupitirira apo kenako kuziziritsidwa mumlengalenga kapena m'chipinda choziziritsira cha uvuni wolamulidwa.
Machubu okokedwa ndi oziziraiyenera kutenthedwa kutentha pambuyo poti chimfine chatha kutentha kwa madigiri 650 Celsius kapena kupitirira apo.
Kusanthula kwa zinthu kumachitika, kuchuluka kwa kuwunika kumatsimikiziridwa motere.
| Kugawa | Kuyendera pafupipafupi |
| Chidutswa chakunja ≤ mainchesi 3 [76.2mm] | 250 ma PC/nthawi |
| Dayamita yakunja ＞ 3in [76.2mm] | 100 ma PC/nthawi |
| Kusiyanitsa ndi chiwerengero cha kutentha kwa chubu | Nambala iliyonse ya kutentha |
Zofunikira pa kapangidwe ka makina sizikugwira ntchito pa mapaipi ochepera 1/8 inchi [3.2 mm] m'mimba mwake kapena 0.015 inchi [0.4 mm] m'kukhuthala.
1. Katundu Wolimba
Pa makalasi C ndi D, mayeso okakamiza ayenera kuchitidwa pa machubu awiri mu gawo lililonse.
Pa chubu cha Giredi A, kuyesa kwa tensile sikofunikira nthawi zambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti chubu cha Giredi A chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso kutentha kochepa.
Gome 3 limapereka kuchuluka kocheperako koyezera kwa kutsika kulikonse kwa makulidwe a khoma ndi 1/32 inchi [0.8 mm].
Ngati makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro chachitsulo si chimodzi mwa makulidwe a khoma awa, akhozanso kuwerengedwa ndi fomula.
Ma Inchi: E = 48t + 15.00kapenaMa Units a ISI: E = 1.87t + 15.00
E = kutalika kwa mainchesi awiri kapena 50 mm, %,
t = makulidwe enieni a chitsanzo, mu. [mm].
2. Mayeso a Crush
Mayeso ochotsera madzi amachitidwa pa mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi 63 m'litali omwe ayenera kupirira kutuluka kwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kusweka, kusweka, kapena kusweka pa ma weld.
Pakuika chubu chochepera mainchesi 1 [25.4 mm] m'mimba mwake wakunja, kutalika kwa chitsanzocho kuyenera kukhala kuchulukitsa kawiri ndi theka kuposa m'mimba mwake wakunja wa chubucho. Kuyang'ana pang'ono pamwamba sikuyenera kukhala chifukwa chokanira.
3. Mayeso Ophwanyika
Njira yoyeserayi ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za ASTM A450 Gawo 19.
4. Mayeso a Flange
Njira yoyeserayi ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za ASTM A450 Gawo 22.
5. Mayeso Osinthira Ozungulira
Njira yoyeserayi ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za ASTM A450, Gawo 20.
Kuyesa kwamagetsi kopanda mphamvu kapena kosawononga kumachitika pa chitoliro chilichonse chachitsulo.
Zofunikira zikugwirizana ndi ASTM A450, Gawo 24 kapena 26.
Deta yotsatirayi yachokera ku ASTM A450 ndipo ikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa chitoliro chachitsulo cholumikizidwa chokha.
Kupatuka kwa Kulemera
0 - +10%.
Kupatuka kwa Makulidwe a Khoma
0 - +18%.
Kupatuka kwa M'mimba mwake wa Kunja
| M'mimba mwake wakunja | Zosiyanasiyana Zovomerezeka | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ± 0.1 |
| 1 OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ± 0.15 |
| 1½ OD 2 | 38.1＜ OD＜50.8 | ±0.008 | ± 0.2 |
| 2≤ OD ＜2½ | 50.8≤ OD＜63.5 | ±0.010 | ± 0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD＜3 | 63.5≤ OD ＜76.2 | ± 0.012 | ± 0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ± 0.015 | ± 0.38 |
| 4＜OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½＜ OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Pambuyo poyikamo mu boiler, chubucho chiyenera kukhala cholimba kuti chizitha kupirira kukulirakulira ndi kupindika popanda kusweka kapena kusweka pa ma weld.
Machubu a superheater ayenera kukhala okhoza kupirira ntchito zonse zofunika zopangira, kuwotcherera, ndi kupindika popanda zolakwika.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'machubu a boiler, ma boiler flue, ma superheater flue, ndi ma safe end.
ASTM A178 Giredi AKuchuluka kwa mpweya m'chubuchi kumapangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba komanso cholimba kwambiri kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kupsinjika kwambiri.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa ntchito zotenthetsera zotsika komanso zapakati monga ma boilers otsika (monga ma boilers apakhomo, nyumba zazing'ono zamaofesi, kapena ma boilers a fakitale) ndi zina zosinthira kutentha m'malo otentha pang'ono.
ASTM A178 Giredi CIli ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon ndi manganese zomwe zimapatsa chubu ichi mphamvu yabwino komanso kukana kutentha kuti chigwire ntchito molimbika.
Yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwapakati komanso kutentha kwapakati monga ma boiler a mafakitale ndi madzi otentha, omwe nthawi zambiri amafuna kupsinjika ndi kutentha kwakukulu kuposa ma boiler apakhomo.
ASTM A178 Giredi DMachubu ali ndi manganese ambiri komanso silikoni yoyenera kuti apereke mphamvu zabwino komanso kukana kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale olimba m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso opanikizika kwambiri komanso oyenera kupirira mikhalidwe yoopsa kwambiri yogwirira ntchito.
Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi komanso kutentha kwambiri, monga ma boiler a siteshoni yamagetsi ndi ma superheater amafakitale.
1. ASTM A179 / ASME SA179: Chosinthira kutentha chachitsulo chofewa chopanda msoko ndi machubu a condenser kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mopanda mphamvu. Chogwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo opanikizika pang'ono, chimafanana ndi ASTM A178 m'mapangidwe ake a mankhwala ndi makina.
2. ASTM A192 / ASME SA192: Machubu a boiler achitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko omwe amagwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga makoma amadzi, zinthu zochepetsera mphamvu ndi zinthu zina zolimbitsa thupi za boilers zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri.
3. ASTM A210 / ASME SA210: Imaphimba boiler yapakati ndi yachitsulo chosakanikirana bwino komanso machubu a superheater a makina a boiler otentha kwambiri komanso opanikizika pang'ono.
4. DIN 17175: Machubu ndi mapaipi achitsulo opanda msoko ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opanikizika kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mapaipi a nthunzi a ma boiler ndi ziwiya zopondereza.
5. EN 10216-2: Amalemba zofunikira zaukadaulo zamachubu ndi mapaipi osasunthika a zitsulo zosagwiritsa ntchito aloyi ndi aloyi zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira kutentha kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pansi pa kupanikizika.
6. JIS G3461: Imaphimba machubu achitsulo cha kaboni cha ma boiler ndi ma heat exchanger. Ndi yoyenera pa kutentha kwapakati komanso kwapakati.
Ndife opanga mapaipi achitsulo cha kaboni opangidwa ndi zitsulo komanso ogulitsa mapaipi apamwamba ochokera ku China, komanso ogulitsa mapaipi achitsulo osasokonekera, omwe amakupatsirani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zothetsera mapaipi achitsulo!
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri kapena kudziwa zambiri zokhudza zomwe timapereka, musazengereze kutilumikiza. Mayankho anu abwino a mapaipi achitsulo ndi uthenga basi!
