ASTM: Te Rōpū Whakamātautau me ngā Rauemi o Amerika ANSI: Te Whare Wānanga Paerewa ā-Motu o Amerika ASME: Te Rōpū Kaihanga Mīhini o Amerika API: Te Whare Wānanga Hinu o Amerika 
ASTMKo te American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) i mua ko te International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). I ngā tau 1880, hei whakatau i ngā whakaaro me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kaihoko me ngā kaiwhakarato i roto i te tukanga hoko me te hoko rauemi ahumahi, i whakaaro ētahi tāngata kia whakatūria he pūnaha komiti hangarau, ā, i whakarite te komiti hangarau i ngā māngai mai i ngā āhuatanga katoa hei whai wāhi ki ngā huihuinga hangarau hei matapaki me te whakatau i ngā whakatakotoranga rauemi e tika ana, ngā tikanga whakamātautau me ētahi atu take tautohenga. I tū te hui tuatahi a te IATM ki Ūropi i te tau 1882, ā, i reira i whakatūria ai he komiti mahi.
ASMEI whakatūria te American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) i te tau 1880. I ēnei rā kua noho hei whakahaere mātauranga me te hangarau kore-moni o te ao, neke atu i te 125,000 ngā mema puta noa i te ao. Nā te tipu haere o te ao hangarau i roto i ngā momo kaupapa, ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā tuhinga ASME ngā mōhiohio mō ngā hangarau hou puta noa i ngā momo kaupapa. Ko ngā kaupapa e hipokina ana ko: te hangarau taketake, te hanga, te hoahoa pūnaha, me ētahi atu.
ANSI: I whakatūria te American National Standards Institute i te tau 1918. I taua wā, he maha ngā umanga me ngā rōpū hangarau ngaio i te United States kua tīmata kē i ngā mahi paerewa, engari he maha ngā whakahē me ngā raruraru nā te kore o te mahi tahi i waenganui i a rātou. Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, e whakapono ana ngā rau o ngā rōpū pūtaiao me te hangarau, ngā hononga me ngā rōpū katoa he mea tika kia whakatūria he whakahaere paerewa motuhake me te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa whānui kotahi.
APIKo te API te whakarāpopototanga o te American Petroleum Institute. I whakatūria i te tau 1919, ko te API te whakahaere pakihi ā-motu tuatahi i te United States, ā, ko tētahi o ngā rūma tauhokohoko whakatakoto paerewa tuatahi me te angitu rawa atu o te ao.
Ngā kawenga e pā ana Ko te nuinga o te mahi a ASTM ko te whakawhanake i ngā paerewa mō ngā āhuatanga me te mahi a ngā rauemi, ngā hua, ngā pūnaha me ngā ratonga, me te hora i ngā mātauranga e pā ana. Ka whakawhanakehia ngā paerewa ASTM e ngā komiti hangarau, ā, ka tuhia e ngā rōpū mahi paerewa. Ahakoa he paerewa ngā paerewa ASTM i hangaia e ngā rōpū mātauranga kāore i te mana. I tēnei wā, kua wehea ngā paerewa ASTM ki te 15 ngā kāwai (Ngā Wāhanga) ā, ka whakaputaina i roto i ngā pukapuka (Rōrahi). Ko te whakarōpūtanga paerewa me ngā pukapuka e whai ake nei: Whakarōpūtanga:
(1) Ngā hua rino
(2) Ngā konganuku kore-ferrous
(3) Ngā tikanga whakamātautau me ngā tukanga tātari mō ngā rauemi whakarewa
(4) Ngā rauemi hanga
(5) Ngā hua hinu, ngā hinu whakahinuhinu me ngā wahie kohuke
(6) Ngā peita, ngā paninga e pā ana me ngā matū kakara
(7) Ngā kakahu me ngā rauemi
(8) kirihou
(9) Rāpa
(10) Ngā ārai hiko me ngā hua hiko
(11) Hangarau Wai me te Taiao
(12) Pūngao karihi, pūngao rā
(13) Ngā taputapu me ngā ratonga hauora
(14) Ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga whakamātautau whānui
(15) Ngā hua ahumahi whānui, ngā matū motuhake me ngā rauemi pau
ANSI: He rōpū paerewa kāwanatanga kore-moni te American National Standards Institute. Engari kua huri hei pokapū paerewa ā-motu;
Kāore a ANSI e whakawhanake i ngā paerewa. Ko te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te whakarite i tana paerewa ANSI:
1. Ko ngā wāhanga e tika ana te kawenga mō te tuhi, te tono i ngā tohunga, i ngā rōpū ngaio rānei ki te pōti, me te tuku i ngā hua ki te hui arotake paerewa i whakatūria e ANSI hei arotake me te whakaae. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga he pōti.
2. Mā ngā māngai o ngā komiti hangarau ANSI me ngā komiti i whakaritea e ētahi atu whakahaere e tuhi ngā tauira paerewa, ka pōtitia e ngā mema katoa o te komiti, ā, ka arotakehia, ka whakaaetia hoki e te komiti arotake paerewa. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga ko te tikanga komiti.
3. Mai i ngā paerewa i hangaia e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā rōpū, ko ngā mea kua tino pakari, ā, he mea nui ki te whenua, ka whakatairangatia ki ngā paerewa ā-motu (ANSI) i muri i te arotakenga e ngā komiti hangarau ANSI, ā, ka tapaina ko ngā waehere paerewa ANSI me te tau whakarōpūtanga, engari i te wā kotahi ka mau tonu te waehere paerewa ngaio taketake.
Ko te nuinga o ngā paerewa o te American National Standards Institute i ahu mai i ngā paerewa ngaio. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā whakahaere te whakatakoto i ētahi paerewa hua i runga i ngā paerewa ā-motu o nāianei. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e koe te whakatakoto i ō ake paerewa whakahaere, kaua i runga i ngā paerewa ā-motu. He mea tūao ngā paerewa ANSI. E whakapono ana te Hononga o Amerika, ka taea e ngā paerewa whakahau te whakawhāiti i ngā pikinga hua. Heoi anō, ko ngā paerewa e whakahuatia ana e ngā ture, ā, e whakatakotoria ana e ngā tari kāwanatanga, he paerewa whakahau te nuinga o te wā.
ASME: Ko te nuinga o te wā e mahi ana ki te whakawhanake i te pūtaiao me te hangarau i roto i te miihini me ngā mara e pā ana, te whakatenatena i te rangahau taketake, te whakatairanga i ngā whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga, te whakawhanake i te mahi tahi me ētahi atu miihini me ngā whakahaere, te whakahaere i ngā mahi paerewa, me te whakatakoto i ngā whakatakotoranga me ngā paerewa miihini. Mai i tōna tīmatanga, kua ārahi a ASME i te whanaketanga o ngā paerewa miihini, ā, neke atu i te 600 ngā paerewa kua whakawhanakehia mai i te paerewa miro taketake tae noa ki tēnei wā. I te tau 1911, i whakatūria te Komiti Aratohu Mīhini Poiha, ā, i whakapuakina te Aratohu Mīhini mai i te tau 1914 ki te 1915. Nō muri mai, i whakakotahihia te aratohu me ngā ture o ngā whenua me Kanata. Kua riro a ASME hei umanga miihini o te ao, ko te nuinga i roto i ngā mara o te hangarau, te mātauranga me te rangahau.
API: He whakahaere whakatakoto paerewa e mōhiotia ana e ANSI. E whai ana tana whakatakoto paerewa i ngā aratohu tukanga whakarite me te whakawhanake a ANSI. Ka mahi tahi hoki a API ki te whakawhanake me te whakaputa paerewa me ASTM. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā paerewa API, ehara i te mea e whakaaetia ana e ngā umanga i Haina anake, engari e ngā ture ā-motu me ā-rohe hoki i te United States. Ngā ture me ngā tari kāwanatanga pēnei i te Tari Waka, te Tari Tiaki, te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi, te Tari Tikanga o Amerika, te Tari Tiaki Taiao, te Tari Tirotiro Whenua o Amerika, me ētahi atu, ā, e whakamahia ana hoki puta noa i te ao e ISO, te Whakahaere ā-Ao mō te Ine Ture me te neke atu i te 100 paerewa ā-motu kua whakahuatia. API: E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā paerewa, ehara i te mea e whakaaetia ana e ngā umanga i Haina anake, engari e whakahuatia ana hoki e ngā ture me ngā ture ā-motu me ā-rohe o Amerika, tae atu ki ngā tari kāwanatanga pēnei i te Tari Waka, te Tari Tiaki, te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi, te Tari Tikanga o Amerika, te Tari Tiaki Taiao, me te Tirotiro Whenua o Amerika. Ā, e whakahuatia ana hoki e ISO, te Whakahaere ā-Ao mō te Ine Ture me te neke atu i te 100 paerewa ā-motu puta noa i te ao.
Rerekētanga me te Hononga：Ka tautokohia e ēnei paerewa e whā tetahi i tetahi, ā, ka ako tetahi i tetahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā paerewa i tangohia e ASME mō ngā rauemi i ahu mai katoa i te ASTM, ko ngā paerewa mō ngā takirere e pā ana ki te API, ā, ko ngā paerewa mō ngā hononga paipa i ahu mai i te ANSI. Ko te rerekētanga kei roto i te arotahi rerekē o te ahumahi, nō reira he rerekē ngā paerewa i tangohia. Ko API, ASTM, me ASME he mema katoa nō te ANSI. Ko te nuinga o ngā paerewa o te American National Standards Institute i ahu mai i ngā paerewa ngaio. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā whakahaere te whakatakoto i ētahi paerewa hua i runga i ngā paerewa ā-motu o nāianei. Ko te tikanga, ka taea hoki e koe te whakatakoto i ō ake paerewa whakahaere ehara i te mea e ai ki ngā paerewa ā-motu. Kāore a ASME e mahi i ngā mahi motuhake, ā, tata ki te katoa o ngā whakamātautau me ngā mahi whakatakoto ka oti i a ANSI me ASTM. Ka mōhio noa a ASME ki ngā whakatakotoranga mō tana ake whakamahinga, nō reira ka kitea pinepine ko ngā tau paerewa e whakahuatia ana he rite tonu te ihirangi.
Wā tuku: Maehe-27-2023