Ko ngā ngongo maitai ASTM A214 he ngongo maitai waro ātete-hiko kua whakarewahia hei whakamahi i roto i ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakapūmau wera, me ngā taputapu whakawhiti wera rite. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia ki ngā ngongo maitai me te diameter o waho kāore e neke atu i te 3 inihi [76.2mm].
Ko ngā rahi paipa maitai e tika anakaua e nui ake i te 76.2mm.
Tērā pea ka whakaratohia ētahi atu rahi o ngā paipa rino ERW, ki te tutuki i taua paipa ngā whakaritenga katoa o tēnei whakatakotoranga.
Me tutuki ngā rauemi i tukuna i raro i tēnei whakatakotoranga ki ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō te putanga o nāianei o te Whakatakotoranga A450/A450M, ki te kore e whakahuatia tētahi atu mea i roto i tēnei tuhinga.
Me hanga ngā ngongo ete whakarewa ātete-hiko (ERW).
Nā te iti o te utu hanga, te tika o ngā āhuatanga, te kaha me te manawanui pai rawa atu, me te ngāwari o te hoahoa, kua noho te paipa maitai ERW hei rauemi pai mō te whānuitanga o ngā pūnaha paipa ahumahi, te miihini hanganga, me te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa hanganga.
I muri i te whakarewanga, me whakamahana ngā ngongo katoa i te pāmahana o te 900°, neke atu rānei, ā, muri iho ka whakamataohia ki te hau, ki roto rānei i te rūma whakamatao o te oumu hau whakahaeretia.
Me whakamahana ngā ngongo e tōia ana i te matao i muri i te tukunga tōia matao whakamutunga i te pāmahana o te 650°C, neke atu rānei.
| C(Waro) | Mn(Mangane) | P(Pūhāora) | S(Whānariki) |
| mōrahi 0.18% | 0.27-0.63 | mōrahi 0.035% | mōrahi 0.035% |
Kāore e whakaaetia te whakarato i ngā momo maitai koranu e hiahia ana kia tāpirihia he huānga anō i tua atu i ērā kua whakarārangihia.
Kāore ngā whakaritenga ā-ringa e pā ki ngā ngongo he iti iho i te 0.126 inihi [3.2 mm] te whānui o roto, he iti iho rānei i te 0.015 inihi [0.4 mm] te matotoru.
Āhuatanga Kume
Kāore he whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā āhuatanga kume i roto i te ASTM A214.
Nā te mea ko te ASTM A214 te mea e whakamahia nuitia ana mō ngā whakawhiti wera me ngā whakapūmau. Ko te hoahoa me te whakahaere o ēnei taputapu kāore e whakatakoto i ngā pēhanga teitei ki runga i te ngongo. He rerekē, ka nui ake te aro ki te kaha o te ngongo ki te tu atu i te pēhanga, ōna āhuatanga whakawhiti wera, me tōna ātete ki te waikura.
Whakamātautau Whakapapatahi
Mō ngā paipa whakarewa, kaua e iti iho i te 4 inihi (100 mm) te roa o te wāhanga whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana.
I whakahaerehia te whakamātautau i roto i ngā taahiraa e rua:
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakamātautau i te ngawari, te mata o roto, o waho rānei o te paipa maitai, kaua rawa he kapiti, he whati rānei kia iti iho rā anō te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pereti i te uara o te H i tatauhia e ai ki te tātai e whai ake nei.
H=(1+e)t/(e+t/D)
H= te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pereti whakatārewatanga, inihi [mm],
t= te matotoru o te pakitara o te ngongo kua tohua, in.[mm],
D= te diameter o waho kua tohua o te ngongo, in. [mm],
e= 0.09(te rerekētanga o ia wae roa)(0.09 mō te maitai waro-iti (te waro kua tohua mōrahi 0.18 % iti iho rānei)).
Ko te taahiraa tuarua ko te whakamātautau i te pono, me haere tonu te whakapapatahi kia pakaru rā anō te tauira, kia tūtaki rānei ngā pakitara o te paipa. I roto i te whakamātautau whakapapatahi, mēnā ka kitea he rauemi whakakikoruatia, he rauemi koretake rānei, mēnā rānei kāore i oti te whakarewa, me whakakore.
Whakamātautau Flange
Me āhei te whakapiri i tētahi wāhanga o te paipa ki tētahi tūranga e koki tika ana ki te tinana o te paipa, me te kore e ngatata, e hapa rānei ka taea te whakakore i raro i ngā whakaritenga o te whakatakotoranga hua.
Kaua te whānui o te flange mō ngā maitai waro me te maitai koranu e iti iho i ngā ōrau.
| Diameter o Waho | Whānui o te Flange |
| Ki te 2½inihi [63.5mm], tae atu ki | 15% o te OD |
| Neke atu i te 2½ ki te 3¾ [63.5 ki te 95.2], tae atu ki | 12.5% o te OD |
| Neke atu i te 3¾ ki te 8 [95.2 ki te 203.2], tae atu ki | 15% o te OD |
Whakamātautau Whakapapatahi Whakamuri
Me wehea he ngongo whakarewa kua oti te whakarewa, he 100 mm te roa, tae atu ki te 12.7 mm te whānui o waho kia 90° te roa i ia taha o te whakarewa, ā, me whakatuwhera te tauira, me papatahi hoki ki te whakarewa i te pūwāhi piko mōrahi.
Kaua e kitea he tohu o te korenga o ngā kapiti e uru ana, he tohu rānei e taupokina ana e te tangohanga mura i roto i te whakarewa.
Whakamātautau Pakari
Kaua te pakeke o te ngongo e neke ake i te72 HRBW.
Mō ngā ngongo he 0.200 inihi [5.1 mm] me te nui ake te matotoru o te pakitara, me whakamahi te whakamātautau pakeke Brinell, Rockwell rānei.
Ka mahia ngā whakamātautau hiko wai-pūmau, hiko kore-whakangaro rānei ki ia paipa rino.
Whakamātautau Waipūmau
Teuara pēhanga mōrahime pupuri mō te iti rawa i te 5 hēkona, kia kore ai e turuturu.
Ko te pēhanga whakamātautau waipū iti rawa e pā ana ki te whānui o waho me te matotoru o te pakitara o te paipa. Ka taea te tatau mā te tātai.
Ngā Wāhanga Inihi-Pauna: P = 32000 t/DorNgā Wāhanga SI: P = 220.6 t/D
P= te pēhanga whakamātautau wai ātete, psi, MPa rānei,
t= te matotoru o te pakitara kua tohua, in. mm rānei,
D= te diameter o waho kua tohua, in. mm rānei.
Te pēhanga whakamātautau mōrahi, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga i raro nei.
| Te Diameter o Waho o te Ngongo | Te Pēhanga Whakamātautau Waipūmau, psi [MPa] | |
| OD ＜1 inihi | OD <25.4 mm | 1000 [7] |
| 1≤ OD ＜1½ inihi | 25.4≤ OD ＜38.1 mm | 1500 [10] |
| 1½≤ OD ＜2 inihi | 38.≤ OD ＜50.8 mm | 2000 [14] |
| 2≤ OD ＜3 inihi | 50.8≤ OD ＜76.2 mm | 2500 [17] |
| 3≤ OD ＜5 inihi | 76.2≤ OD ＜127 mm | 3500 [24] |
| OD ≥5 inihi | OD ≥127 mm | 4500 [31] |
Whakamātautau Hiko Kore-Whakangaro
Me tirotirohia ia ngongo mā roto i ngā tikanga whakamātautau kore-whakangaro, e ai ki te Whakatakotoranga E213, Whakatakotoranga E309 (ngā rauemi ferromagnetic), Whakatakotoranga E426 (ngā rauemi kore-magnetic), Whakatakotoranga E570 rānei.
I ahu mai ngā raraunga e whai ake nei i te ASTM A450, ā, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ngā paipa maitai whakarewa anake.
Te rerekētanga o te taumaha
0 - +10%, kāore he pekanga ki raro.
Ka taea te tatau i te taumaha o tētahi paipa maitai mā te whakamahi i te tātai.
W = C(Dt)t
W= taumaha, pauna/putu [kg/m],
C= 10.69 mō ngā Waeine Inihi [0.0246615 mō ngā Waeine SI],
D= te diameter o waho kua tohua, inihi [mm],
t= te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara kua tohua, inihi [mm].
Te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te pakitara
0 - +18%.
Kaua te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te pakitara o tētahi wāhanga paipa maitai 0.220 inihi [5.6 mm] me runga ake e neke atu i te ±5% o te matotoru pakitara toharite tuturu o taua wāhanga.
Ko te matotoru pakitara toharite ko te toharite o ngā matotoru pakitara matotoru rawa atu, me ngā matotoru rawa atu o te wāhanga.
Te rerekētanga o te diameter o waho
| Diameter o Waho | Ngā Huringa Whakaaetia | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD ≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ±0.1 |
| 1 | 25.4＜ OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ±0.15 |
| 1½＜ OD ＜2 | 38.1 | ±0.008 | ±0.2 |
| 2≤ OD ＜2½ | 50.8≤ OD ＜63.5 | ±0.010 | ±0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD ＜3 | 63.5≤ OD ＜76.2 | ±0.012 | ±0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ±0.015 | ±0.38 |
| 4＜ OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜ OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½< OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Kaua he unahi i roto i ngā hinu kua oti te pani. Kaua te iti o te waikura e kiia he unahi.
Me mārama te tapanga o ia ngongo ki tete ingoa, te waitohu rānei o te kaihanga, te nama whakatakotoranga, me te ERW.
Ka taea te whakanoho i te ingoa, i te tohu rānei a te kaihanga ki runga i ia ngongo mā te hurihuri, mā te tā mārie rānei i mua i te whakataurite.
Ki te tāia ā-ringa he tā kotahi ki te ngongo, kaua tēnei tohu e iti iho i te 200 mm mai i tetahi pito o te ngongo.
Te ātete ki ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teiteiHe āhuatanga tino nui te kaha ki te tu atu i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga tiketike i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhiti wera.
He pai te kawe weraMā ngā rauemi me te tukanga hanga o tēnei ngongo maitai ka tino pai te kawe wera mō ngā tono e hiahia ana kia pai te whakawhiti wera.
Te āheinga whakarewaKo tētahi atu painga ko te taea te hono pai mā te whakarewa, kia māmā ake ai te tāutanga me te tiaki.
E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakapūmau wera, me ngā taputapu whakawhiti wera rite.
1. Ngā whakawhiti weraI roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi maha, ka whakamahia ngā whakawhiti wera hei whakawhiti i te kaha wera mai i tētahi wai (wai, hau rānei) ki tētahi atu, me te kore e tukua kia pā tika atu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā ngongo maitai ASTM A214 i roto i tēnei momo taputapu nā te mea ka taea e rātou te tu atu i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei ka puta i roto i te tukanga.
2. Ngā WhakamātaoKo ngā pūwhakamātao te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te tango wera i roto i ngā tukanga whakamatao, hei tauira, i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamatao me te hauhautanga, hei huri rānei i te mamaoa hei wai i roto i ngā teihana hiko. E whakamahia ana ēnei i roto i ēnei pūnaha nā te mea he pai te kawe wera me te kaha miihini.
3. Ngā taputapu whakawhiti weraKa whakamahia hoki tēnei momo ngongo maitai i roto i ētahi atu taputapu whakawhiti wera e rite ana ki ngā whakawhiti wera me ngā whakapūmau wera, pērā i ngā whakapūmahana me ngā whakamatao.
ASTM A179He mea hanga ki te whakawhiti wera rino ngawari me te ngongo whakapūmau, he mea kumea matao-kore. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā tono me ngā tono rite, pērā i ngā whakawhiti wera me ngā whakapūmau. Ahakoa he mea korekore te A179, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti wera e tukuna ana.
ASTM A178: Ka hipoki i ngā ngongo poiha waro me te waro-konupora maitai kua whakarewahia ātete. Ka whakamahia ēnei ngongo i roto i ngā poiha me ngā whakamahana nui, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono whakawhiti wera me ngā hiahia ōrite, inā koa ka hiahiatia ngā wāhanga kua whakarewahia.
ASTM A192: e kapi ana i ngā ngongo paera maitai waro kore hononga mō te mahi pēhanga teitei. Ahakoa ko te kaupapa matua o ēnei ngongo he whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao pēhanga teitei me te pāmahana teitei, nā runga i ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga hangahanga ka pai ai te whakamahi i roto i ētahi atu taputapu whakawhiti wera e hiahia ana ki te ātete pēhanga teitei me te pāmahana.
He kaihanga me te kaiwhakarato paipa maitai waro kounga teitei mātou nō Haina, ā, he kaihokohoko paipa maitai kore hononga hoki mātou, e tuku ana i te whānuitanga o ngā otinga paipa maitai ki a koe!
Mēnā he pātai āu, he hiahia rānei ki te ako atu mō ā mātou tuku, kaua e mangere ki te whakapiri mai ki a mātou. Kotahi noa te karere e tae atu ana ki a koe mō ngā otinga paipa maitai tino pai!
