ASTM A178he ngongo whakarewa ātete hiko (ERW) ngā ngongo maitaiwaro me te maitai waro-konuporae whakamahia ana hei ngongo poiha, hei paipa poiha, hei paipa whakamahana nui, me ngā pito haumaru.
He pai mō ngā ngongo maitai he 12.7-127mm te whānui o waho, ā, ko te matotoru o te pakitara i waenga i te 0.9-9.1mm.
He pai ngā ngongo ASTM A178 mō ngā ngongo whakarewa ātete me tengā diameter o waho i waenga i te 1/2 - 5 inihi [12.7 - 127 mm] me ngā matotoru o te pakitara i waenga i te 0.035 - 0.360 inihi [0.9 - 9.1 mm], ahakoa e wātea ana ētahi atu rahi e hiahiatia ana, ki te tutuki i ēnei ngongo ngā whakaritenga katoa o tēnei whakatakotoranga.
E toru ngā momo hei whakamahi mā ngā taiao whakamahinga rerekē.
Taumata A, Taumata C, me Taumata D.
| Tau | Momo maitai waro |
| Taumata A | Rino Waro-Iti |
| Tau C | Rino Waro-Waenga |
| Tau D | Rino Waro-Mangane |
Me tutuki ngā rauemi i tukuna i raro i tēnei whakatakotoranga ki ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō te putanga o nāianei o te Whakatakotoranga A450/A450M, ki te kore e whakahuatia tētahi atu mea i roto i tēnei tuhinga.
Taumata AmeTau Ckaua e tohua he maitai motuhake; tīpakohia te rauemi mata e tika ana.
Ko te maitai mōTau Dka patua.
Ka hangaia te maitai kua mate mā te tāpiri i ngā mea tango hauota (hei tauira, te silicon, te konumohe, te manganese, me ētahi atu) ki te maitai rewa i te wā o te tukanga whakaputa maitai, ā, mā reira ka whakaitihia, ka whakakorea rānei te nui o te hāora o te maitai.
Ka whakapai ake tēnei maimoatanga i te ōritetanga me te pumau o te maitai, ka whakarei ake i ōna āhuatanga hangarau, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura.
Nō reira, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā maitai kua patua i roto i ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana he taumata teitei o te ōritetanga me ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai, pērā i te hanga oko pēhanga, ngā kohua, me ngā wāhanga hanganga nui.
Ka hangaia ngā paipa maitai mā te whakamahi i teERWtukanga hanga.
ERW (Whakapiri Ātete Hiko)he tukanga tino pai mō te hanga paipa maitai waro.
Nā ngā painga o te kaha whakarewa teitei, te mata maeneene o roto, o waho, te tere whakaputa tere, me te utu iti, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mara ahumahi me te hanga.
ASTM A178paipa maitaime whakamahanatiai te wā o te tukanga hanga. Ka whakamahia hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te pumau hanganga o te paipa, me te whakakore hoki i ngā ahotea i puta mai i te wā o te tukanga whakarewa.
I muri i te whakarewanga, me whakamahana ngā ngongo katoa ki te pāmahana 900°C, neke atu rānei, ā, muri iho ka whakamataohia ki te hau, ki roto rānei i te rūma whakamatao o te oumu e whakahaeretia ana te āhuarangi.
Ngā ngongo kua tōia mataome whakamahana i muri i te tukunga makariri whakamutunga i te pāmahana 650°C, neke atu rānei.
Ina whakahaerehia te tātaritanga hua, ka whakatauhia te auau o te tirotiro penei.
| Whakarōpūtanga | Auautanga Tirotiro |
| Te whānui o waho ≤ 3inihi [76.2mm] | 250 ngā wahi/wā |
| Diameter o waho ＞ 3inihi [76.2mm] | 100 ngā wahi/wā |
| Wehewehea mā te tau wera ngongo | Mō ia tau wera |
Kāore ngā whakaritenga āhuatanga ā-mīhini e pā ki ngā ngongo he iti iho i te 3.2 mm te whānui o roto, he iti iho rānei i te 0.4 mm te matotoru.
1. Āhuatanga Kume
Mō ngā Akomanga C me D, me whakahaere he whakamātautau kume ki runga i ngā ngongo e rua i ia rota.
Mō ngā ngongo Reanga A, kāore e hiahiatia he whakamātautau kume. Nā te mea ko ngā ngongo Reanga A te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō ngā mahi pēhanga iti me ngā mahi pāmahana iti.
Kei te Ripanga 3 ngā uara roa iti rawa i tatauhia mō ia hekenga 1/32 inihi [0.8 mm] o te matotoru o te pakitara.
Mena ehara te matotoru o te pakitara o te paipa maitai i tētahi o ēnei matotoru pakitara, ka taea hoki te tatau mā te whakamahi i te tātai.
Ngā Wāhanga Inihi: E = 48t + 15.00rāneiNgā Wāhanga ISI: E = 1.87t + 15.00
E = te roa i roto i te 2 inihi, 50 mm rānei, %,
t = te matotoru tuturu o te tauira, inihi [mm].
2. Whakamātautau Kuru
Ka mahia ngā whakamātautau whakaputa i runga i ngā wāhanga paipa e 63 mm te roa, ā, me tu atu ki te whakaputa roa me te kore e ngatata, e pakaru, e mārō rānei i ngā hononga whakarewa.
Mō ngā ngongo he iti iho i te 25.4 mm te whānui o waho, me 2 1/2 te roa o te tauira i te whānui o waho o te ngongo. Kaua ngā tirotiro mata iti e waiho hei take mō te panga.
3. Whakamātautau Whakapapatahi
E tutuki ana te tikanga whakamātautau i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana o te ASTM A450 Wāhanga 19.
4. Whakamātautau Flange
E tutuki ana te tikanga whakamātautau i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana o te ASTM A450 Wāhanga 22.
5. Whakamātautau Whakapapatahi Whakamuri
E tutuki ana te tikanga whakamātautau i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana o te ASTM A450, Wāhanga 20.
Ka mahia ngā whakamātautau hiko wai-pūmau, hiko kore-whakangaro rānei ki ia paipa rino.
E rite ana ngā whakaritenga ki te ASTM A450, Wāhanga 24, 26 rānei.
I ahu mai ngā raraunga e whai ake nei i te ASTM A450, ā, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga e tika ana mō ngā paipa maitai whakarewa anake.
Te rerekētanga o te taumaha
0 - +10%.
Te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te pakitara
0 - +18%.
Te rerekētanga o te diameter o waho
| Diameter o Waho | Ngā Huringa Whakaaetia | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ±0.1 |
| 1＜OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ±0.15 |
| 1½＜OD＜2 | 38.1 | ±0.008 | ±0.2 |
| 2≤ OD<2½ | 50.8≤ OD <63.5 | ±0.010 | ±0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD<3 | 63.5≤ OD <76.2 | ±0.012 | ±0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ±0.015 | ±0.38 |
| 4＜OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½< OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
I muri i te whakaurunga ki roto i te pōro, me kaha te ngongo ki te tu atu i te whānui me te piko, me te kore e pakaru, e ngatata rānei i ngā whakarewanga.
Me āhei te ngongo whakamahana nui ki te tu atu i ngā mahi hanga, whakarewa, me te piko katoa e tika ana, me te kore he hapa.
E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ngongo poiha, ngā paipa poiha, ngā paipa whakamahana nui, me ngā pito haumaru.
ASTM A178 Tau ANā te iti o te ihirangi waro o ngā ngongo, he pai te whakakaho me te pakari mō ngā mahi kāore e pāngia e te pēhanga teitei.
Ka whakamahia nuitia mō ngā tono pēhanga iti me te pāmahana waenga pērā i ngā kohua pēhanga iti (hei tauira, ngā kohua kāinga, ngā whare tari iti, ngā kohua wheketere rānei) me ētahi atu taputapu whakawhiti wera i ngā taiao pāmahana iti.
ASTM A178 Tau CHe nui ake te ihirangi waro me te konupora, ā, he pai ake te kaha o tēnei ngongo me tōna ātete ki te wera mō ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua ake.
He pai mō ngā tono pēhanga waenga me ngā tono pāmahana waenga pērā i ngā kōhua wai ahumahi me ngā kōhua wai wera, e hiahia ana ki ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana teitei ake i ngā kōhua whare.
ASTM A178 Tau DHe nui te konupora o ngā ngongo, ā, he tika hoki te silicon hei whakarato i te kaha me te ātete wera, kia pumau ai i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei, ā, he pai hoki mō te tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga mahi tino kino.
He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā taiao pēhanga teitei me ngā taiao pāmahana teitei, pērā i ngā kohua teihana hiko me ngā whakamahana nui ahumahi.
1. ASTM A179 / ASME SA179He whakawhiti wera maitai ngawari me ngā ngongo whakapūmau, he mea hanga ki te maitai, he mea hanga ki te wai, he mea hanga ki te wai. He mea whakamahi i ngā taiao pēhanga iti, he rite tonu ōna āhuatanga matū me te hangarau ki te ASTM A178.
2. ASTM A192 / ASME SA192Ngā ngongo paera maitai waro korekore e whakamahia ana mō te mahi pēhanga teitei. E whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā ki te hanga pakitara wai, ngā mea whakangao me ētahi atu wāhanga pēhanga mō ngā paera pēhanga tino teitei.
3. ASTM A210 / ASME SA210: Ka kapi i ngā ngongo paera me ngā ngongo whakamahana nui o te maitai waro waenga me te maitai koranu mō ngā pūnaha paera pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga waenga.
4. DIN 17175Ngā ngongo me ngā paipa maitai kore hononga hei whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao pēhanga teitei me te pāmahana teitei. E whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā ki te hanga paipa mamaoa mō ngā kohua me ngā oko pēhanga.
5. EN 10216-2: E whakatakoto ana i ngā tikanga hangarau mō ngā ngongo me ngā paipa tuimotu o ngā maitai kore-koranu me ngā maitai koranu me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana-tiketike kua tohua mō ngā tono i raro i te pēhanga.
6. JIS G3461Ka hipoki i ngā ngongo maitai waro mō ngā poiha me ngā whakawhiti wera. He pai mō ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti wera pēhanga iti me te pēhanga waenga whānui.
He kaihanga me te kaiwhakarato paipa maitai waro kounga teitei mātou nō Haina, ā, he kaihokohoko paipa maitai kore hononga hoki mātou, e tuku ana i te whānuitanga o ngā otinga paipa maitai ki a koe!
Mēnā he pātai āu, he hiahia rānei ki te ako atu mō ā mātou tuku, kaua e mangere ki te whakapiri mai ki a mātou. Kotahi noa te karere e tae atu ana ki a koe mō ngā otinga paipa maitai tino pai!
