ʻO ASTM A335 P12 (ASME SA335 P12) kahi paipu kila me ka ʻole o ka pilina i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui nui o P12 he 0.08–1.25% chromium a me 0.44–0.65% molybdenum, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā ia he kila hui Cr-Mo.
Hāʻawi kēia mea i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa wela, a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paila, nā superheaters, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā paipu kīʻaha kaomi.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā paipu P12 no ke kulou ʻana, flanging (vanstoning), a me nā hana hoʻokumu like, a no ka fusion welding.
I ka wā e hana ai i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohuihui kemika no P12, pono e hoʻokō ʻia e like me ASTM A999. Eia nā koi hoʻohuihui kemika:
| Papa | Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, % | ||||||
| C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Mo | |
| P12 | 0.05 - 0.15 | 0.30 - 0.61 | 0.025 ka palena kiʻekiʻe | 0.025 ka palena kiʻekiʻe | 0.50 ka palena kiʻekiʻe | 0.08 - 1.25 | 0.44 - 0.65 |
Hoʻonui nui ka Chromium i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o nā paipu kila a hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūpaʻa i ka wā o ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonui ka Molybdenum i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kolo.
| Papa | ASTM A335 P12 | |
| Ikaika tensile, min, ksi [MPa] | 60 [415] | |
| Ikaika hāʻawi, min, ksi [MPa] | 32 [220] | |
| Elongation ma 2 ʻīniha a i ʻole 50 mm (a i ʻole 4D), min, % | ʻO ka lōʻihi | ʻĀwiliwili |
| ʻO ka elongation palena iki no ka paia 5/16 ʻīniha [8 mm] a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa, nā hoʻāʻo ʻāpana, a no nā nui liʻiliʻi āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ka ʻāpana piha | 30 | 20 |
| Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lōʻihi anakahi poepoe maʻamau 2 ʻīniha a i ʻole 50 mm a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi like me ka lōʻihi anakahi e like me 4D (4 manawa ke anawaena). | 22 | 14 |
| No nā hoʻāʻo ʻāpana, e hōʻemi ʻia no kēlā me kēia emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma lalo o 5/16 ʻīniha [8 mm] mai ka palena iki o ka elongation o nā helu pakeneka ma lalo nei. | 1.50 | 1.00 |
Mea Hana a me ke Kūlana
E hana ʻia nā paipu kila ASTM A335 P12 e kakaʻina hana maʻalahia e hoʻopau wela ʻia a i ʻole e huki anu ʻia, e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia.
Ka Lapaʻau Wela
E hoʻomehana hou ʻia nā paipu P12 a pau no ka mālama wela ʻana a mālama ʻia e like me nā koi o ka papa.
| Papa | ʻAno Hoʻomehana | Mahana Hoʻoheheʻe Subcritical a i ʻole ka Tempering |
| ASTM A335 P12 | anneal piha a isothermal paha | — |
| hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻonāukiuki | 1200 ℉ [650 ℃] | |
| anneal subcritical | 1200 ~ 1300 ℉ [650 ~ 705 ℃] |
E hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia lōʻihi o ka paipu me ke anawaena o waho ma mua o 10 ʻīniha [250 mm] a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma lalo a like paha me 0.75 ʻīniha [19 mm] i kahi hoʻāʻo hydrostatic.
ʻOkoʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻaʻole luku e like me ASTM E213, E309, a me E570.
Me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano hoʻāʻo i koho ʻia, e hōʻike ʻia ma ka māka paipu, me nā koi māka penei:
| Ultrasonic | Ka Leakage Flux | Au Eddy | ʻO ka Hydrostatic | Māka ʻana |
| No | No | No | ʻAe | Mea Hoʻāʻo Hoʻoikaika |
| ʻAe | No | No | No | UT |
| No | ʻAe | No | No | FL |
| No | No | ʻAe | No | EC |
| ʻAe | ʻAe | No | No | UT / FL |
| ʻAe | No | ʻAe | No | UT / EC |
| No | No | No | No | NH |
| ʻAe | No | No | ʻAe | UT / Mea Hoʻoikaika Hoʻāʻo |
| No | ʻAe | No | ʻAe | Mea Hoʻoikaika FL / Hoʻāʻo |
| No | No | ʻAe | ʻAe | Mea Hoʻoikaika EC / Hoʻāʻo |
Ka Hoʻomanawanui Ana
No nā paipu i kauoha ʻia iā NPS [DN] a i ʻoleanawaena waho, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku nā ʻokoʻa o ke anawaena o waho ma mua o nā mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka papa puhi.
| Mea Hoʻolālā NPS [DN] | Nā ʻokoʻa i ʻae ʻia | |
| i loko. | mm | |
| 1/8 a i 1 1/2 [6 a i 40], ʻīniha. | ±1/64 [0.015] | ±0.40 |
| Ma luna o 1 1/2 a i 4 [40 a 100], ʻīniha. | ±1/32 [0.031] | ±0.79 |
| Ma luna o 4 a 8 [100 a 200], ʻīniha. | -1/32 - +1/16 [-0.031 - +0.062] | -0.79 - +1.59 |
| Ma luna o 8 a 12 [200 a 300], ʻīniha. | -1/32 - +3/32 [-0.031 - 0.093] | -0.79 - +2.38 |
| Ma luna o 12 [300] | ±1% o ke anawaena waho i kuhikuhi ʻia | |
No nā paipu i kauoha ʻia eanawaena o loko, ʻaʻole e ʻokoʻa ke anawaena o loko ma mua o ±1% mai ke anawaena o loko i kuhikuhi ʻia.
Ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka paia
Ma waho aʻe o ka palena huna o ka mānoanoa o ka paia no ka paipu i kau ʻia e ka palena ma ke kaumaha ma ASTM A999, pono ka mānoanoa o ka paia no ka paipu ma kahi i loko o nā ʻae ʻia ma ka papa puhi.
| Mea Hoʻolālā NPS [DN] | Ke ahonui, % ʻano i kuhikuhi ʻia |
| 1/8 a i 2 1/2 [6 a i 65] me nā lakio t/D āpau | -12.5 - +20.0 |
| Ma luna o 2 1/2 [65], t/D ≤ 5% | -12.5 - +22.5 |
| Ma luna o 2 1/2, t/D ＞ 5% | -12.5 - +15.0 |
t = Mānoanoa o ka paia i kuhikuhi ʻia; D = Anawaena waho i kuhikuhi ʻia.
| ASME | ASTM | EN | GB | JIS |
| ASME SA335 P12 | ASTM A213 T12 | EN 10216-2 13CrMo4-5 | GB/T 5310 15CrMoG | JIS G 3462 STBA22 |
Mea Hana:Nā paipu kila humuhumu ASTM A335 P12 a me nā mea hoʻohui;
Nui:1/8" a 24", a i ʻole i hoʻopilikino ʻia e like me kāu mau koi;
Lōʻihi:Ka lōʻihi kaulele a ʻokiʻoki paha e kauoha;
Pūʻolo:Uhi ʻeleʻele, nā wēlau beveled, nā pale welau paipu, nā pahu lāʻau, a pēlā aku.
Kākoʻo:Palapala hōʻoia IBR, nānā TPI, MTC, ʻoki ʻana, hana ʻana, a me ka hoʻopilikino ʻana;
MOQ:1 mika;
Nā Kūlana Uku:T/T a i ʻole L/C;
Kumukūʻai:E leka uila mai iā mākou no nā kumukūʻai paipu kila P12 hou loa.
