ASTM A334Papa 1he paipu kila kalapona wili ʻole a welded no ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa-wela.
ʻO ka nui o ke kalapona he 0.30%, ʻo ka manganese he 0.40-1.60%, ʻo ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa loa he 380Mpa (55ksi), a ʻo ka ikaika hua he 205Mpa (30ksi).
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka halihali wai i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā lako hoʻomaʻalili, a me nā noi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e pono ai ke kūpaʻa i ka hopena haʻahaʻa.
He nui nā papa o ASTM A334 e hana me nā ʻano wahi haʻahaʻa like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi:Papa 1, Papa 3, Papa 6, Papa 7, Papa 8, Papa 9, a me Papa 11.
ʻElua ʻano kila, ke kila kalapona a me ke kila huila.
Papa 1a mePapa 6he mau kila kalapona ʻelua.
Hiki ke hana ʻia lākou enā kaʻina hana maʻalahi a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
I ka hana ʻana o nā paipu kila seamless, aia ʻelua mau kaʻina hana hana,Hoʻopau wela a i ʻole i huki anu ʻia.
ʻO ke koho e pili nui ana i ka hoʻohana hope ʻana o ka paipu, ka nui o ka paipu, a me nā koi kikoʻī no nā waiwai o ka mea.
Aia ma lalo iho kahi kiʻikuhi o ke kaʻina hana hana humuhumu wela i hoʻopau ʻia.
ʻO kahoʻopau welaʻO ke kaʻina hana paipu seamless e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi billet kila i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe a laila hana i ka paipu ma ka ʻōwili ʻana a i ʻole ka extruding. Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka microstructure o ka mea, no laila e hoʻonui ai i kona paʻakikī a me ke ʻano like.
He kūpono loa ke kaʻina hana hoʻopau wela no ka hana ʻana o nā paipu nui a me nā paia mānoanoa, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā paipu halihali nui a me nā noi kūkulu, a kūpono hoʻi no ka hana nui ma muli o kona kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa.
Ua huki anu ʻiaHoʻoponopono ʻia nā paipu kila humuhumu ma ke kīkoʻo ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻalili loa ʻia ʻana o ka mea e hoʻokō ai i ka nui a me ke ʻano pololei e pono ai. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui kēia ʻano hana i ka pololei o ka dimensional a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili o ka huahana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hopena paʻakikī anu e hoʻonui pū i nā waiwai mechanical o ka paipu, e like me ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu.
He kūpono loa ke kaʻina hana kaha anu no ka hana ʻana i nā paipu me nā anawaena liʻiliʻi a me nā mānoanoa o ka paia lahilahi kahi e pono ai ke kiko kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā wahi e like me nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic, nā ʻāpana kaʻa, a me nā lako hana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokō ai i nā pono hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ma ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
E hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi mahana like ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 1550 °F [845 °C] a hoʻomaʻalili i ka lewa a i ʻole i loko o ke keʻena hoʻoluʻu o kahi umu i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka lewa.
Inā pono ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, pono e kūkākūkā ʻia.
No nā papa i luna o nā paipu kila humuhumu wale nō:
E hoʻomehana hou a kāohi i ka hana wela a me ka mahana o ka hana hoʻopau wela i kahi pae mahana hoʻopau mai 1550 - 1750 °F [845 - 955 ℃] a hoʻomaʻalili i loko o kahi umu lewa i kāohi ʻia mai kahi mahana mua ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 1550 °F [845 °C].
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kemika Papa 1 e kaulike i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa no nā noi ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa.
| Papa | C(Kalapona) | Mn(Manganese) | P(Phosphorus) | S(Sulepura) |
| Papa 1 | ʻoi loa 0.30% | 0.40-1.06% | ʻoi loa 0.025% | ʻoi loa 0.025% |
| No kēlā me kēia hōʻemi ʻana o 0.01% kalapona ma lalo o 0.30%, e ʻae ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o 0.05% manganese ma luna o 1.06% i ka nui loa o 1.35% manganese. | ||||
ʻO ke kalapona ka mea nui e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila, akā i nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki i ka nui o ke kalapona ke hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī o ka mea.
ʻO ka Papa 1, me ka nui o ke kalapona o 0.30%, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia he kila kalapona haʻahaʻa a ua kāohi ʻia ma kahi pae haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui i kona paʻakikī haʻahaʻa.
Nā waiwai elongation liʻiliʻi loa i helu ʻia no kēlā me kēia emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka paia he 1/32 ʻīniha [0.80 mm].
Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hopena ma nā paipu kila Papa 1ma -45°C [-50°F], i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻoia i ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka mea i nā wahi haʻahaʻa loa. Hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ma ke koho ʻana i ka ikehu hopena kūpono e pili ana i ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ka paipu kila.
Pono nā ʻāpana hoʻohālike hopena notched-bar o ke kaola maʻalahi, ʻano Charpy, e like me nā ʻAno Hoʻāʻo E23. ʻAno A, me kahi V notch.
ʻElua mau ʻano maʻamau o ke ana ʻana o ka paʻakikī ʻo ia nā hoʻāʻo paʻakikī ʻo Rockwell lāua ʻo Brinell.
| Papa | Rockwell | ʻO Brinell |
| ASTM A334 Papa 1 | B 85 | 163 |
Pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia paipu me ka ʻole o ka luku ʻana ma ke ʻano uila a i ʻole ka hydrostatic e like me STM A1016/A1016M. Inā ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke kauoha kūʻai, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana ʻia e koho ʻia e ka mea hana.
Ma waho aʻe o nā māka i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka Specification A1016/A1016M, pono e komo pū ka māka me ka hoʻopau wela ʻia, huki anu ʻia, seamless, a i ʻole welded, a me nā leka "LT" i ukali ʻia e ka mahana i hana ʻia ai ka hoʻāʻo hopena.
Ke lawa ʻole ka nui o ka paipu kila i hoʻopau ʻia e loaʻa ai kahi hāpana hopena liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokomo ka māka i nā leka LT a me ka mahana hoʻāʻo i hōʻike ʻia.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano hana ʻoihana like ʻole e koi ai i ka hana haʻahaʻa.
Ka halihali wai CryogenicHoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu kila Papa 1 no ka lawe ʻana i nā wai cryogenic e like me ke kinoea kūlohelohe liquefied (LNG), ke kinoea petroleum liquefied (LPG), a me nā kemika cryogenic ʻē aʻe. Pono pinepine e lawe ʻia kēia mau wai me ka palekana ma nā mahana ma lalo o ke ambient, a mālama ka paipu kila Papa 1 i kona mau waiwai kino a me ke kūpaʻa kūkulu ma kēia mau mahana haʻahaʻa.
Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻalili a me nā lakoHoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā paipu hoʻouna ʻana o ka coolant i loko o kēia mau ʻōnaehana.
Nā mea hoʻololi wela a me nā mea hoʻohuihuiHe mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā mea hoʻololi wela a me nā condensers i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a me ka ikehu, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i ka paipu kila Papa 1 ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale. Pono kēia mau mea hana i nā mea e mālama ai i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala i nā mahana haʻahaʻa e hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi a me ka pono o ka hana no ka wā lōʻihi.
Nā hale mālama anu a me nā hale hoʻomaʻaliliI loko o nā hale mālama anu a me nā hale hoʻomaʻalili ʻē aʻe, pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻōnaehana paipu i nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa. hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu kila papa 1 e kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana paipu i loko o kēia mau hale ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hana i nā wahi anuanu me ka ʻole o ka hāʻule ʻana.
1. EN 10216-4: P215NL, P255QL;
2. DIN 17173:TTSt35N;
3. JIS G3460:STPL 380;
4. GB/T 18984: 09Mn2V.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kūlana a me nā māka e loaʻa nā waiwai like a like paha me ASTM A334 Grade 1, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā pae hana pili ʻē aʻe.
Mai kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 2014, ua lilo ʻo Botop Steel i mea hoʻolako alakaʻi o ka paipu kila kalapona ma Kina ʻĀkau, i ʻike ʻia no ka lawelawe maikaʻi loa, nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā hoʻonā piha. Hāʻawi ka ʻoihana i nā ʻano paipu kila kalapona like ʻole a me nā huahana pili, me ka paipu kila seamless, ERW, LSAW, a me SSAW, a me kahi laina piha o nā mea hoʻopili paipu a me nā flanges.
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia kāna huahana kūikawā i nā metala kiʻekiʻe a me nā kila kila austenitic, i hana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā papahana pipeline like ʻole.
