ASTM A178ʻo nā paipu kila he mau paipu uila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (ERW) okalapona a me ke kila kalapona-manganesehoʻohana ʻia e like me nā paipu paila, nā ʻōpala paila, nā ʻōpala superheater, a me nā wēlau palekana.
He kūpono ia no nā paipu kila me ke anawaena o waho o 12.7-127mm a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma waena o 0.9-9.1mm.
He kūpono nā paipu ASTM A178 no nā paipu welded resistance menā anawaena o waho ma waena o 1/2 - 5 ʻīniha [12.7 - 127 mm] a me nā mānoanoa o ka paia ma waena o 0.035 - 0.360 ʻīniha [0.9 - 9.1 mm], ʻoiai loaʻa nā nui ʻē aʻe e like me ka mea e pono ai, inā e hoʻokō kēia mau paipu i nā koi ʻē aʻe a pau o kēia kikoʻī.
Aia ʻekolu mau pae no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻohana like ʻole.
Papa A, Papa C, a me Papa D.
| Papa | ʻAno kila kalapona |
| Papa A | Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa |
| Papa C | Ke kila kalapona waena |
| Papa D | Ke kila kalapona-Manganese |
Pono nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo o kēia kikoʻī e kūlike me nā koi kūpono o ka paʻi o kēia manawa o ka Kikoʻī A450/A450M. ke ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ma aneʻi.
Papa Aa mePapa Cmai kuhikuhi i kahi kila kikoʻī; koho i ka mea maka kūpono e like me ka mea e pono ai.
ʻO ke kila noPapa De pepehi ʻia.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kila i pepehi ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā deoxidizers (e laʻa, silicon, alumini, manganese, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i ke kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana kila, no laila e hōʻemi ana a hoʻopau paha i ka nui o ka oxygen o ke kila.
Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia hana i ka homogeneity a me ke kūpaʻa o ke kila, hoʻonui i kona mau waiwai mechanical, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion.
No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kila i pepehi ʻia i nā noi kahi e pono ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka homogeneity a me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa, e like me ka hana ʻana o nā kīʻaha kaomi, nā paila, a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu nui.
Hana ʻia nā paipu kila me ka hoʻohana ʻana iERWkaʻina hana hana.
ERW (Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kū'ē uila)he kaʻina hana kūpono loa no ka hana ʻana i ka paipu kila kalapona.
Me nā pono o ka ikaika wili kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻili laumania o loko a me waho, ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a me ke kūkulu ʻana.
ASTM A178paipu kilapono e mālama ʻia me ka welai ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa kūkulu o ka paipu, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaumaha i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana kuʻi.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e mālama ʻia nā ʻōmole a pau i ka wela o 1650°F [900°C] a ʻoi aku paha a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻolulu ʻana i ka ea a i ʻole i loko o ke keʻena hoʻolulu o kahi umu ea i kāohi ʻia.
Nā paipu i huki anu ʻiae mālama ʻia me ka wela ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ke anu hope loa ma ka mahana o 1200°F [650°C] a ʻoi aku paha.
Ke hana ʻia ka loiloi huahana, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke alapine (frequency) o ka nānā ʻana penei.
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana | Pinepine o ka Nānā ʻana |
| Anawaena waho ≤ 3in [76.2mm] | 250 pcs/manawa |
| Anawaena waho ＞ 3 ʻīniha [76.2mm] | 100 pcs/manawa |
| E hoʻokaʻawale ma ka helu wela o ka paipu | No kēlā me kēia helu wela |
ʻAʻole pili nā koi waiwai mīkini i nā paipu liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1/8 ʻīniha [3.2 mm] ke anawaena o loko a i ʻole 0.015 ʻīniha [0.4 mm] ka mānoanoa.
1. Waiwai Tensile
No nā Papa C a me D, e hana ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo tensile ma nā paipu ʻelua i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana.
No nā paipu Papa A, ʻaʻole koi pinepine ʻia ka hoʻāʻo tensile. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻana o ka paipu Papa A no nā noi haʻahaʻa a me nā noi haʻahaʻa.
Hāʻawi ka Papa 3 i nā waiwai elongation liʻiliʻi loa i helu ʻia no kēlā me kēia emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka paia he 1/32 ʻīniha [0.8 mm].
Inā ʻaʻole ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ka paipu kila kekahi o kēia mau mānoanoa o ka paia, hiki ke helu ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike.
Nā ʻĀpana ʻIniha: E = 48t + 15.00a i ʻoleNā ʻĀpana ISI: E = 1.87t + 15.00
E = elongation ma 2 ʻīniha a i ʻole 50 mm, %,
t = ka mānoanoa maoli o ka hāpana, ʻīniha [mm].
2. Hoʻāʻo Kuʻi
Hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo extrusion ma nā ʻāpana paipu he 2 1/2 ʻīniha [63 mm] ka lōʻihi e pono e kū i ka extrusion longitudinal me ka ʻole o ka nahā, ka māhele ʻana, a i ʻole ka māhele ʻana ma nā wili.
No nā paipu i emi ma mua o 1 ʻīniha [25.4 mm] ke anawaena o waho, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hāpana he 2 1/2 manawa o ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu. ʻAʻole ia he kumu no ka hōʻole ʻia ʻana o nā nānā iki ʻana o ka ʻili.
3. Hoʻāʻo Hoʻopālahalaha
Kūlike ke ʻano hoʻokolohua me nā koi kūpono o ASTM A450 Paukū 19.
4. Hoʻāʻo Flange
Kūlike ke ʻano hoʻokolohua me nā koi kūpono o ASTM A450 Paukū 22.
5. Hoʻāʻo Hoʻopālahalaha Hoʻohuli
Kūlike ke ʻano hoʻokolohua me nā koi kūpono o ASTM A450, Paukū 20.
Hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo uila hydrostatic a i ʻole non-destructive ma kēlā me kēia paipu kila.
Ua kūlike nā koi me ASTM A450, Paukū 24 a i ʻole 26.
Ua loaʻa kēia ʻikepili mai ASTM A450 a ua hoʻokō i nā koi kūpono no ka paipu kila i hoʻopili ʻia wale nō.
Ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaumaha
0 - +10%.
Ka ʻokoʻa o ka mānoanoa o ka paia
0 - +18%.
Ka ʻokoʻa o ke anawaena o waho
| Anawaena o waho | Nā ʻokoʻa i ʻae ʻia | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ±0.1 |
| 1＜OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ±0.15 |
| 1½＜OD＜2 | 38.1 | ±0.008 | ±0.2 |
| 2≤ OD <2½ | 50.8≤ OD <63.5 | ±0.010 | ±0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD＜3 | 63.5≤ OD <76.2 | ±0.012 | ±0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ±0.015 | ±0.38 |
| 4＜OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½＜ OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Ma hope o ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka paila, pono i ka paipu ke kū i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ke kūlou ʻana me ka ʻole o nā kīnā haki a i ʻole ka haki ʻana i nā wili.
Pono ka paipu superheater e kū i nā hana forging, kuʻihao, a me ke kulou ʻana a pau me ka ʻole o nā kīnā.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paipu paila, nā ʻōpala paila, nā ʻōpala superheater, a me nā welau palekana.
Papa A ASTM A178ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ke kalapona o ka paipu e hāʻawi iā ia i ka weldability maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe no nā noi i kau ʻole ʻia i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no nā noi haʻahaʻa a me nā noi wela waena e like me nā paila haʻahaʻa (e like me nā paila home, nā hale keʻena liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā paila hale hana) a me nā mea hoʻololi wela ʻē aʻe ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa.
Papa C o ASTM A178ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kalapona a me ka manganese e hāʻawi ana i kēia paipu i ka ikaika maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa wela no nā kūlana hana koi.
Kūpono no nā noi kaomi waena a me nā noi mahana waena e like me nā paila wai ʻoihana a me nā paila wai wela, kahi e koi pinepine ai i nā kaomi a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā paila home.
Papa D o ASTM A178Loaʻa i nā ʻōmole manganese kiʻekiʻe a me ka silicon kūpono e hāʻawi i ka ikaika maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa wela, e paʻa ai i nā wahi mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a kūpono hoʻi no ke kū ʻana i nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā wahi kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā wela kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā paila kikowaena mana a me nā superheaters ʻoihana.
1. ASTM A179 / ASME SA179ʻO ka mea hoʻololi wela kila palupalu a me nā paipu condenser no ka lawelawe cryogenic. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua like ia me nā waiwai kemika a me nā mechanical me ASTM A178.
2. ASTM A192 / ASME SA192ʻO nā paipu paila kila kalapona humuhumu ʻole i ka lawelawe kaomi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā paia wai, nā economizers a me nā ʻāpana kaomi ʻē aʻe no nā paila kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa.
3. ASTM A210 / ASME SA210Uhi i nā paipu paila a me nā paipu superheater kalapona waena a me ke kila alloy seamless no nā ʻōnaehana paila wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi waena.
4. DIN 17175Nā paipu kila humuhumu a me nā paipu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā wahi mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā paipu mahu no nā paila a me nā ipu kaomi.
5. EN 10216-2: Kuhikuhi i nā kūlana loea no nā paipu humuhumu a me nā paipu o nā kila ʻole-alloy a me nā kila alloy me nā waiwai wela kiʻekiʻe i kuhikuhi ʻia no nā noi ma lalo o ke kaomi.
6. JIS G3461Uhi i nā paipu kila kalapona no nā paila a me nā mea hoʻololi wela. He kūpono ia no nā kūlana hoʻololi wela haʻahaʻa a me waena.
He mea hana a mea hoʻolako paipu kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe mākou mai Kina mai, a he mea kūʻai aku paipu kila seamless hoʻi, e hāʻawi ana iā ʻoe i kahi ākea o nā hoʻonā paipu kila!
No kekahi nīnau a i ʻole e aʻo hou e pili ana i kā mākou hāʻawi, mai kānalua e hoʻokaʻaʻike mai iā mākou. ʻO kāu mau hopena paipu kila kūpono he leka wale nō ia!
